Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that is most often diagnosed in school-aged children. Many children with ADHD find it difficult to focus on tasks and follow instructions, and these characteristics can lead to problems in school and at home. How children with ADHD are diagnosed and treated is a topic of controversy, and many people, including scientists and nonscientists alike, hold strong beliefs about what ADHD is and how people with the disorder should be treated. This module will familiarize the reader with the scientific literature on ADHD. First, we will review how ADHD is diagnosed in children, with a focus on how mental health professionals distinguish between ADHD and normal behavior problems in childhood. Second, we will describe what is known about the causes of ADHD. Third, we will describe the treatments that are used to help children with ADHD and their families. The module will conclude with a brief discussion of how we expect that the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD will change over the coming decades.

This assignment is about exploring alternative ways of sharing goods and services and understanding the benefits, drawbacks, and implications of these methods. Students are asked to choose one of seven non-market distribution methods, such as majority rule, contests, force, first-come/first-served, sharing equally, lottery, and personal characteristics, and observe how it is implemented in real-life scenarios. They need to explain the distribution method, who benefits from it, who is excluded, and the advantages and disadvantages of using it. Students also have to find a real-life example of the chosen non-market distribution method, describe how it is used, and assess its fairness and efficiency. Lastly, they are required to include a citation and ensure their submission is no less than 180 words and comprises a list of cited works. The goal of the assignment is to better understand how goods and services are distributed and how these methods affect different groups of people.

A strong foundation in science (including this social science) has always been an essential element of post-secondary education. The current White House administration demonstrates that people are much more impressionable when they don't have the critical tools to question so-called experts. Critical analysis of research has always been integral to the sciences, but with so much misinformation coming out of those in power, it is more important than ever to have a strong background in science and research. 

This module provides a brief overview of the neuroscience of emotion. It integrates findings from human and animal research to describe the brain networks and associated neurotransmitters involved in basic affective systems.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Define aggressionDefine cyberbullyingDescribe the bystander effect

This module discusses the causes and consequences of human aggression and violence. Both internal and external causes are considered. Effective and ineffective techniques for reducing aggression are also discussed.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain what a correlation coefficient tells us about the relationship between variablesRecognize that correlation does not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between variablesDiscuss our tendency to look for relationships between variables that do not really existExplain random sampling and assignment of participants into experimental and control groupsDiscuss how experimenter or participant bias could affect the results of an experimentIdentify independent and dependent variables

Anxiety is a natural part of life and, at normal levels, helps us to function at our best. However, for people with anxiety disorders, anxiety is overwhelming and hard to control. Anxiety disorders develop out of a blend of biological (genetic) and psychological factors that, when combined with stress, may lead to the development of ailments. Primary anxiety-related diagnoses include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), post traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this module, we summarize the main clinical features of each of these disorders and discuss their similarities and differences with everyday experiences of anxiety.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the different research methods used by psychologistsDiscuss the strengths and weaknesses of case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, and archival research

After reading this module, you will be able to:Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of archivall research and case studiesDescribe longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential research designs

After reading this module, you will be able to:Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of archivall research and case studiesDescribe longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential research designs

More attractive people elicit more positive first impressions. This effect is called the attractiveness halo, and it is shown when judging those with more attractive faces, bodies, or voices. Moreover, it yields significant social outcomes, including advantages to attractive people in domains as far-reaching as romance, friendships, family relations, education, work, and criminal justice. Physical qualities that increase attractiveness include youthfulness, symmetry, averageness, masculinity in men, and femininity in women. Positive expressions and behaviors also raise evaluations of a person’s attractiveness. Cultural, cognitive, evolutionary, and overgeneralization explanations have been offered to explain why we find certain people attractive. Whereas the evolutionary explanation predicts that the impressions associated with the halo effect will be accurate, the other explanations do not. Although the research evidence does show some accuracy, it is too weak to satisfactorily account for the positive responses shown to more attractive people.

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suffer from a profound social disability. Social neuroscience is the study of the parts of the brain that support social interactions or the “social brain.” This module provides an overview of ASD and focuses on understanding how social brain dysfunction leads to ASD. Our increasing understanding of the social brain and its dysfunction in ASD will allow us to better identify the genes that cause ASD and will help us to create and pick out treatments to better match individuals. Because social brain systems emerge in infancy, social neuroscience can help us to figure out how to diagnose ASD even before the symptoms of ASD are clearly present. This is a hopeful time because social brain systems remain malleable well into adulthood and thus open to creative new interventions that are informed by state-of-the-art science.

Love is deeply biological. It pervades every aspect of our lives and has inspired countless works of art. Love also has a profound effect on our mental and physical state. A “broken heart” or a failed relationship can have disastrous effects; bereavement disrupts human physiology and may even precipitate death. Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met. As such, love is clearly not “just” an emotion; it is a biological process that is both dynamic and bidirectional in several dimensions. Social interactions between individuals, for example, trigger cognitive and physiological processes that influence emotional and mental states. In turn, these changes influence future social interactions. Similarly, the maintenance of loving relationships requires constant feedback through sensory and cognitive systems; the body seeks love and responds constantly to interactions with loved ones or to the absence of such interactions. The evolutionary principles and ancient hormonal and neural systems that support the beneficial and healing effects of loving relationships are described here.

This is an Open Educational Resource created by University College Groningen (The Netherlands) students taking the course Biopsychology in Spring 2021.

In small teams, students were tasked with creating, composing, and curating an online portfolio dedicated to an interdisciplinary exploration of a topic of their choice. Their portfolio needed to be grounded in neuroscience, incorporate peer-reviewed research, and propose active learning exercises for future students and viewers.

Included topics:
- A trip through the world of psychedelics
- Alzheimer's disease
- Animal minds
- Biopsychological aspects of sexuality
- Consciousness
- Go with the flow: an interdisciplinary exploration of the flow state
- Happiness and well-being
- Hypnosis
- Intergenerational trauma
- Lucid dreaming
- Machine learning for mind reading
- Social and cultural neuroscience of prejudice
- Our sense of self
- Out of body experiences
- You and aesthetics

Please enjoy exploring their work!

The human brain is responsible for all behaviors, thoughts, and experiences described in this textbook. This module provides an introductory overview of the brain, including some basic neuroanatomy, and brief descriptions of the neuroscience methods used to study it.

In Module 1, couples will delve into the concept of conflict.  Through an engaging video and interactive activities, couples will develop an understanding of conflict as a natural part of human relationships. This module sets the foundation for the course.Module 2 is dedicated to the communication skills for effective conflict resolution. Couples will discover the power of active listening. Through practical exercises and role-playing, individuals will have the opportunity to apply this skill in real-life scenarios.As we progress to Module 3, couples will explore a de-escalation technique that is essential for preventing conflicts from intensifying into emotionally charged situations. The time-out strategy will be discussed in detail, emphasizing its role in creating a space for both partners to cool off and gain perspective. 

Mindset is a collection of thoughts and beliefs that shape our thought habits and our thought habits affect how we think, what we feel, and what we do.

Making a lasting change in our behavior is not an easy process. It usually involves significant effort, time, and a roller coaster of emotions. Think about how many times have you attempted to make a change (e.g. lose weight, eat healthier, exercise more) and either you never got started or you started but found yourself slipping back into old habits.In this module, learners will learn about factors that affect behavioural change. This module is part of a larger course on how behaviour change can positively impact the workplace.