S6 UNIT 11
Overview
Key unit competence: By the end of this unit, I should be able to evaluate the success of sustainable development projects in the industry in different parts of the world.
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE WORLD
11.1. Definition, classification of industries, factors influencing location of industries and major industrial regions of the world.
11.1.1. Definition of industry
An industry is an establishment that involves production of goods and offering of services. It also refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods.
Industrialization refers to the concentration or to the development of industries in an area, country or region.
11.1.2. Classification of industries
1. Primary industries:
Those are the activities that deal with extraction of natural resources, raw materials, like mining, fishing, agriculture and forestry. Primary industries deliver goods to secondary industries which turn these products into consumable goods.
These are industries that transform raw materials into finished products suitable for consumption. They include food, beverages, chemical products. They are known as manufacturing industries.
They are subdivided into two categories:
a) Heavy industries such as engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals, ship building, locomotive and others.
b) Light industries such as electrical equipment, plastics, cosmetics, textiles and others.
This is not a branch of manufacturing. It consists of services such as trade transportation, commerce. Entertainment, personal service, tourism. Administration and many others.
11.1.3. Factors influencing the location of industries and industrial development
There are several factors, including physical, economic, political; historical that influence the location of an industry.
- Efficient labor: An adequate or skilled labor force is essential in the initiation and continuance of an industry. It gives the company a maximum output with lowest possible costs.
- Power and energy: Any industrial establishment must be located in the areas with enough fuel or other sources of energy.
- Land: The location of any industry requires extensive land for set up and future extension.
- Government policy: Government’s policy of encouraging industries is also an important factor. This can be done through tax reduction, giving land and energy to investors to establish industries
- Raw materials: Raw materials in their different forms are important in the location of industries. Therefore, the availability, the value, size, quantity, quality, weight and proximity of the raw materials are essential requirements for industrial location.
- Transport and communication: Modern industries require constant supplies of raw materials, often in great bulk from various sources. Finished goods have to be distributed to many places also. Thus the availability of a good network of transport facilities is another important factor in the location of industries.
- Market: There is a very strong justification for industries to be located near the markets which consume their finished products. Some types of industries are more likely to be located near markets than others; e.g. perishable goods, fragile goods, bulky goods etc.
- Capital: Capital is required in every phase of industrial development. Money is required for the purchase of the land, construction of factories, purchase of machines, acquisition of the required raw materials, transportation of both raw materials and finished goods and for the payment of wages, marketing, advertisement.
- Water supply: Certain industries, especially iron and steel, aluminum smelting, thermal power generation, pulping of timber, synthetic fibre manufacture and chemicals, consume enormous quantities of water either in processing the raw materials or for cooling purposes.
- Industrial inertia: This is when an industry remains in its original location even if the initial advantage that led to its location is no longer available. This is due to three main factors:
- The presence of a good transportation network of roads, railways, canals and so on. An industry moving to a new site might face transportation difficulties.
- Influence of skilled labor and experienced workers built up in that area.
- The cost of building and equipping a factory is extremely high. Industrial establishments do not readily undertake a complete move with the new building and tooling-up costs that this entails.
- Sites: Some industrial plants have to be sited on leveled ground instead of hilly regions. Others require vast land of land and the cheapness of the available land is a primary consideration.
- Climate: Climatic factors sometimes have to be taken into account especially in countries with extremes of climate. Costs of heating, air conditioning factories or offices may be prohibitive. Hot climate may create problems of storage. Climatic factors such as severe winters or annual floods may affect transportation adversely.
- Political stability: encourages long term investment necessary for industrial development. This is why countries with little political instability like Western Europe are advanced in industrial development than developing countries of Africa and Asia.
11.2. Importance of industries and problems affecting industrial development
11.2.1. Importance of industries
- Industries provide self-sufficiency in essential goods rather than the need for imports and dependency on foreign aid. In other words, it causes import substitution and export promotion, which encourages development.
- Self-sufficient gives greater political and economic strength. It makes a country more independent of foreign political or economic domination.
- It creates employment. It employs both skilled and unskilled labors.
- Industrialization earns the country foreign exchange. If the product is manufactured for export, the value of the commodity is increased and so the revenue obtained from its sale is also increased.
- It raises living standards because people will have a higher disposable income
- It contributes to the diversification of the economy and reduces reliance on one or two primary production, which may fluctuate in prices.
- It creates market for primary materials such as cotton, timber and others.
- Industrial growth is cumulative and can stimulate growth in other sectors of the economy.
- It provides infrastructure particularly electricity, transport and communication.
- Industries also improve the social amenities, schools and hospitals
- It develops its technology and trains its own skilled man power.
- It is independent of many natural factors that affect sectors like agriculture.
11.2.2. Problems affecting industrial development
- Inaccessibility to the distant world markets which results into low demand for the manufactured goods especially in landlocked countries.
- Lack of real capital investment. Many countries have a problem of inadequate funds to set up industries.
- Shortage of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labor. Inadequate managerial and entrepreneurship skills have also affected industrial growth.
- Lack of adequate supporting infrastructure. This is critical for the development of industrial activity.
- Developed countries face the twin challenges of reduced demand and increased unemployment levels in older industries as well as finding new market for their industrial output.
- Competition for markets has led to blocks of countries grouping to reduce trade barriers and to increase integration of supply and demand. Such trade agreements allow individual countries to take advantage of agglomeration economies and cheap labor among themselves. However, for countries outside the trading block, they act as barriers to trade and tariffs.
- The infrastructural facilities in the developing countries are not at the level necessary to produce and support industrialization.
- The shortage of valuable minerals in some countries, such as iron ore which form a basis for the establishment of industries. These countries have to import raw materials at high costs.
- In developing countries, poverty lead to a low demand for industrial goods resulting into a limited market, thus affecting the process of industrialization.
11.3. Problems resulting from industrial development and ways to mitigate them
- Pollution of the environment: In the areas of heavy industrial concentration, land, air and water are contaminated by industrial wastes.
- Wildlife Extinction: Industrial pollution affects habitats of wildlife and destroys its species; it is hard to recover them in the environment. For instance, major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, leak of radioactive materials cause great damages.
- Global Warming: With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming has been increasing at a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are being released by industries into the air and this contributes to global warming. Melting of glaciers, existence of floods, tsunamis, hurricanes are some of the effects of global warming.
- The accidents caused by the machines used in industries: The machines used in industries for various purposes may cause the accidents from the misuses by the employees or from other external causes; e.g. Lightening, tsunami, electricity, collapses of mining tunnels, etc.
- Leaching of resources from the environment: Industries do require large amount of raw materials to process into finished products. This requires extraction of minerals from beneath the earth. The extracted minerals can cause the environment destruction in different ways.
- Exhaustion of natural resources
Ways to mitigate the problems caused by industries
- Isolation of industries from settlements and sources of water to reduce the effects of pollution.
- Reducing of greenhouse effects through neutralizing industrial fumes before they are disposed into either air or water.
- Efforts should be made to control pollution. These can take the form of industries treating their wastes before disposing them as well as recycling some of those waste products and the use of biodegradable materials.
- Promotion of training skilled manpower and use of appropriate technology to reduce accidents in industries.
- Creation of special areas/ zones where industrial wastes are channeled or poured.
11.4. Case studies on major industrial regions in the world
a) Industrialization in USA
- Factors for the high level of industrialization in USA
- USA has a wide range of raw materials such as agricultural raw materials and mineral raw materials.
- The population of USA was made up of immigration from many advanced European countries especially from U.K, France, Germany, Holland and others. These immigrants brought with them the experience skills and technical now how of their mother countries. This encouraged rapid industrial development.
- USA is located on the opposite side of Atlantic from Europe. This has stimulated trade and growing world markets. It has also led to industrial expansion.
- USA has extended water transport from St. Lawrence Seaway to the heart of the continent via the Great Lakes. This has stimulated industrial development by providing cheap means of transport for raw materials and finished goods
- In addition to the above USA has a high level of technology. This has been maintained by adequate educational and training facilities and technological system. This system attracts skilled scientists and technologists. This brain gain helps to give the USA a lead in scientific modern industries such as electronics, computers and so on. -
- USA has abundant petroleum, natural gas, local and hydro-electric power. The availability of various sources of power in economic quantities has stimulated the development of large manufacturing industries.
- Availability of capital generated from international trade (from exports) encouraged industrialization.
- The government of USA also encourages rapid industrialization. It encourages export promotion.
- There is internal competition among the industries and this has stimulated industrial development.
- Availability of extensive land for industrial development. USA has cheap land for industrial expansion and establishment.
ii)There are six industrial regions in USA:
- Southern New England: It is centered in Boston with two types of industries; shipbuilding and textile,
- Mid-Atlantic States: This region includes cities of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The industries here include iron and steel, engineering, printing, electrical goods, foot wear and consumer goods.
- Pittsburgh – Lake Erie region: this is the core of heavy industries, engineering, glass, pottery, chemicals, synthetic, rubber, tyre making, generating hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls, flour milling etc.
- Detroit industrial region: this is the greatest automobile manufacturing region of the USA. Other industries include electrical wires, glass, batteries, paints, alloyed steel etc…
- South Appalachian region: It is centered in Birmingham. Industries include steel making, Hydro Electric Power generation, cotton textiles, metal works, machinery manufacture etc.
- Eastern Texas: It has major cities like Dallas, Fort Worth and Houston. This region is the major USA source of oil and gas.
b) Industrial development in Japan
Japan is the most industrialized country of Asia and ranks among the main industrial nations of the world. Despite its shortage of industrial raw materials, Japan has been able to develop her industries because of the following reasons:
- Development of HEP resources that provides enough power
- Efficient use of its limited raw materials such as copper, manganese, etc.
- Presence of coastline and many ports that facilitate the importation of raw materials and exportations of finished products
- Large population that provide labor and market
- Government policy that encourages the development of industries
- High market from the Asian countries
- Aid from USA; this was after the World War II, where Japan got financial support from rich countries especially USA.
- Advanced technology, use of robots
- Improved transport network, water, roads and railways.
The Major industrial regions of Japan
There are four main industrial zones in Japan:
- The Keihin Region: This is the most industrial region in Japan located on the Kwanto plain to the East of HONSHU. It is formed by the conurbation of three important towns; Tokyo, Kawasaki, and Yokohama. This region has 20 % of the Japan’s population and account for 33 % of the country’s output. The major industries found in this region are Chemicals, machinery, textiles, food processing, furniture. Each town in the region specializes in a particular item. Tokyo is noted for electrical engineering (especially Television sets, refrigerators, washing machines and computers.) Yokohama has precision engineering, shipbuilding, oil refining, petrochemical products and port industries. Kawasaki is renowned for marine engineering, cement works and glassworks. The manufacture of iron and steel products is centered on Chiba.
- The Hanshin Region: this stretches across a great industrial conurbation of three major cities formed by Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto. It accounts for about 20 % of Japan’s industrial output. It is important for the manufacture of textile, iron, and steel products, handcrafts, and shipbuilding. Osaka is the greatest textile industry. Plastics, footwear and textiles machines are also made. Kobe concentrates on shipbuilding, oil refining, and petrochemical industries. Kyoto is important for the manufacture of crafts, toys, and oriental (Asiatic) ware.
- The Ise Bay Region: this is the third industrial region dominated by NAGOYA industrial Region on the Nobi Plain with a wide range of manufacturing industries including textile mills that process local silk, imported cotton, wood and also synthetic fibres; engineering industries including all kinds of machinery, automobiles ,locomotives and aircraft . The nearby towns of
Tajimi and Seto are noted for musical instruments such as guitars, violins and pianos are mass-produced at Hamamatsu.
- The Kitakyushu Region: in the northern Kyushu area, the Chikugo coalfield and good accessibility gave rise to a conurbation, called Kitakyushu. This one, embraces several towns, including Yawata, Kokura and Moji. The industrial area extends southwards to Fukuoka and Nagasaki. It makes steel, ships, machine parts, chemicals and textiles.
Apart from the above four major industrial regions, there are several scattered industrial towns. Iron and steel are made at Muroran, oil refining is important at Akita and Niigata, engineering at Hiroshima, shipbuilding at Kure, and textiles at Okoyama, Hakodate and Sapporo in Hokkaido are also industrially developed.
c. Industrialization in Russia
- Factors for high level of industrialization in Russia
- Presence of a variety of minerals such as Iron, copper, gold, diamond, coal etc.
- Improved transport network of railways, aircrafts and developed road network.
- Existence of agricultural raw materials such as cotton for textiles, milk for dairies, hides and skins for leather and footwear industries.
- Availability of capital from financial institutions to promote industrial development.
- Improved research to develop cheap and highly efficient methods of production. This has led to technology and industrial development.
- Government policy of promoting self-sufficiency in most of the manufactured goods consumed in the country.
- Attraction of foreign investors from Europe, Japan and USA has greatly contributed to industrial development.
- Presence of a large population which provide a large domestic market and cheap labor force.
- Skilled labor in form of electrical, mechanical, chemical engineers, laboratory assistance.
- Industrial regions of RUSSIA
- The Moscow – Gorki region: this region has diverse industries including heavy engineering, steel industries, railways, equipment, automobiles, aircraft and food processing.
- The Ukraine industrial region: This region has developed during the period of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) the main industries are iron and steel, making machinery, chemicals, etc.
- The Urals industrial region: engineering (heavy) and metallurgical industries dominate all other activities,
- The Kuzbas region: This area has large thermal plants, extensive coal deposits, engineering, hydro-electric power plants, metallurgical plants, chemicals including petrochemicals.
11.4.2. Developing countries
a) Industrial development in China
Industrial development in China began after the beginning of Communist rule in 1949ndustrial development in China began after the beginning of communist rule in 1949. China is leading producer of iron and stel, textiles, and cheap consumer goods such as toys, household goods and light metal goods.
- Factors for the industrial development in China
- Large quantity of natural resources such as coal, copper. Zinc, lead and manganese
- Deposits coal and petroleum
- Large population
- Location of China on the Asian main land and the most populated continent provides market
- Government policies
- Education provides basic skills
- Cheap labor force
- Developed transport and communication systems
- Industrial regions of China
- Manchurian Industrial Region: This is the most important industrial area of China with centers at Anshan (steel industry), Penki (steel industry), Fushun (coal, lubricating oil, and chemicals), Mukden or Shenyang (machinery and tools) and Dairen (mills and shipyards). All of them are nearby coal and iron ore deposits. Anshan, Fushun and Shenyang form a triangle, within which there are numerous large plants.
- Tientsin and Beijing Region: This is a second industrial area located at the northern end of the North China Plain, near the Kailan coal reserves, with Tientsin, Peking or Beijing and Tangshan as its main centers. The presence of coal-fields in Shansi and Hopei has contributed to the rise of the metallurgical and engineering industries here.
- Lower Yangtze Industrial Region: This is China’s oldest industrial region. It existed since the middle of 19th century. Shanghai is the main industrial town and port of this industrial region. The main goods produced are cotton, silk, textile, food, leather, radio, television sets, utensils, leather, etc. There are also shipyards, oil refineries, flour mills, steel plants, metal works and a great variety of light industrial products.
- The Middle Yangtze Industrial Region: It is located on the middle Yangtze plain around the former tree towns of Hankow-Hanyang-Wuhan. There iron and steel works there that are based on Peninsiang coal and Tayeh iron ore. Shipbuilding, metallurgical and heavy industries, railway equipment and chemicals are important items of production.
- Sichuan (Szechwan) Industrial Region: Sichuan (Szechwan) province above the Chang Jian (Yangtze Kiang) gorge has many important industries around Chongqing (Chungking) and Chengdu (Chengtu).The rich deposits of coal, iron, Ferro-alloys and abundant agricultural raw materials have all encouraged industrial development. Iron and steel, textiles, paper and pulp, machinery, cement, and chemicals are made here.
- Si Kiang Delta Region: The port of Canton is the main industrial centre at the mouth of the Xi Jiang (Si Kiang). Canton lacks local raw materials and once was known largely for commerce. Modern industries are centered on silk production; there are silk mills, jute and cotton goods are manufactured, rubber is processed, and there are food-canning and match factories. Iron works and machine factories occupy sites near the docks.
b. Industrial development in South Korea
i. Factors for industrial growth in south Korea
- Highly skilled labor force: The education system provides basic skills required in industries and workshops. There is highly trained labor force in managerial and marketing which help the country to compete with other countries.
- High technology: In industries, microelectronics and computers which keep in touch with scientific advancement.
- Government support: Policies aiming at export-oriented industries, rather than to supply the local market.
- Agricultural development: The country is self-sufficient in rice growing with large schemes of irrigated land this has made the rural economy more efficient.
- Many business people: Companies or businessmen from Europe, USA, Japan who had the capital and skills to build industries have been attracted by low wage rates in South Korea.
- Infrastructural development: Well developed transport and communication network which makes the exportation of goods very easy.
- Research: This is highly emphasized especially in electronic industry, so as to improve all the existing products and develop new products to meet the market demands.
ii. Major industrial regions of South Korea
- The major industrial regions of South Korea are: Seoul, Yeosu, Chongju, Gwangju, Masan (Changwon), Ulsan, Pohang, Taejon, Busan, Yongdimpo.
- The major industries found in these regions are Iron and steel, petrochemicals, ship building, agricultural equipment, machinery, electronics, textiles and light industries.
c. Industrial development in Egypt
Major industrial regions include: Cairo, Alexandria, Helwan industrial area.
- Factors for industrial development in Egypt
- Availability of raw materials: Egypt has agricultural raw materials to feed the industries like cotton for textile and sugar for agro-based industries.
- Availability of minerals: Egypt has various mineral resources such as oil, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead, phosphate that lead to the development of industries.
- Availability of power and energy: Egypt has the cheapest source of fuel (HEP) due to Aswan High Dam which allowed the connection of most Egyptian villages to use electricity.
- Internal market: Egypt as one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, its population is the ready market for manufactured goods.
- Availability of water: Despite that Egypt is a desert country; it has high strategies to use available water from the Nile River. Water is used as a raw material in food processing, construction, cooling machines and other industrial activities.
- Improved transport: Water, canals, roads, and railway, provide the cheapest water transport cost of raw materials and finished goods.
- Relief: The gentle relief of Egypt enables the construction of industries and transport routes which facilitate the development of industries.
- Government policy: The government is currently adopting an industrial policy that entails large-scale privatization of state owned enterprises as well as the gradual removal of subsidies and price controls in the remaining public sector companies.
- Major industrial regions of Egypt
- Cairo:
It is the industrial centre of Egypt with textile industries, food processing, motor vehicle assembling and chemical industries. There are also Iron and steel industries located at Hulwan near Cairo city.
- Alexandria:
It is the main industrial centre in Egypt as well as the country’s largest sea port. It has agricultural, textile and chemical industries etc.
- Helwan industrial area:
It is found on the bank of river Nile with several industries mainly the agricultural industries, sugar, gases and steel industries.
d. Industrial development in South Africa
South Africa is the most industrialized nation in Africa. Today South Africa ports a large amount from manufacturing sector. Two thirds of South Africa’s national outputs are derived from manufacturing industries.
- Factors for industrial development in South Africa
- Large quantity of mineral resources: South Africa is endowed with a wide range of mineral resources which constitute raw materials for industries. The exploitation of minerals has stimulated industrial development.
- Presence of energy: The most important of this is coal. There are also numerous rivers, which produce hydro-electric power. Such rivers include orange, the Transvaal River and others.
- Climate: Ranging from the temperate climate, Mediterranean, desert and tropical climate. The variety of climate contributes to a wide range of agricultural products, which form the raw materials for many industries.
- Forest resources: contribute to the development of sawmills, furniture making and manufacture of paper industries.
- Fish resources: South Africa has one of the most developed fishing industries on the Africa continent. This has given rise to fish canning, freezing, fishmeal and fertilizers industries.
- Labour: Abundant labor supply.
- Market: Large market for its finished manufactured products.
- Capital: Enough capital to invest in Industries.
- Transport and communication: Good transport and communication networks.
- Government policy: Encouragement from the government.
- Land: Availability of land for industrial location and extension.
- Major industrial regions of South Africa
- Johannesburg: The main industries found here are textile industries, chemical industries, paper and printing, engineering, electrical equipment, saw milling etc.
- Springs: The major industries in this town include manufacturing of mining machinery, electric goods, printing machinery, sheet glass, paper and food canning industries.
- Durban: Industries in this region include ship repairing, oil refining, soap manufacture, textile, light engineering etc.
- Cape Town: It has food processing, textile, chemical, paper and printing etc.
- Pretoria: industrial establishment include glass, cement, metal working, manufacturing railway wagons etc.
- Eastern Cape Industrial Zone: Is formed by East London and Port Elizabeth. It is the important port for international trade. It produces building material, soft drinks, furniture, clothes, local agricultural products etc