S6 UNIT 12
Overview
KEY UNIT COMPETENCE: By the end of this unit, I should be able to analyse the impact of transport and communication projects on the sustainable development of different countries in the world.
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN THE WORLD
12.1. Transport
12.1.1. Meaning and types of transport
The term transport simply means a process whereby passengers and goods are moved from one place to another.
Terminals for land transport are called Bus station or Train station. Those for air transport are Airports while terminals for water transport are called ports.
There are three main types of transport as described below with their advantages and disadvantages:
- Land transport
- Water transport
- Air transport
i. Land transport
Land transport is the type of transport that takes place on land. It can be subdivided into:
- Human portage,
- Animal transport,
- Road transport,
- Railway transport and
- Pipeline transport
a) Human portage
People carry their load on their heads, on their backs or in their hands. This is the most transport used by the majority of people in various part of the world. Its dominances are based on lack of capitals and skills to use modern methods and inaccessibility of an area. E.g. In mountainous areas.
Merits of human portage /advantages
- It is useful on high land areas,
- It reaches on remote place such as valleys, where other means of transport are impossible,
- It uses available people in the community,
- It is cheaper, because there is no involvement of a lot of money,
- It doesn’t require road construction as people move on their feet everywhere,
- It is useful in carrying perishable goods.
Demerits of human portage/ disadvantages
- It is limited in terms of quantity to be carried by individuals.
- It is very slow, as it takes long period of time to reach at a particular place,
- It is limited in terms of distances, as it involves only to join closest areas,
- It requires a lot of energy, for instance to carry and move on steep slopes,
- It limits the growth of young people.
b) Animal transport.
This form of transport is commonly used in areas where it is not easy to develop other means of transport especially in arid areas. Animals include camels, cows, horses, donkeys, etc.
Advantages
- It is used in wild areas where other means are not possible.
- It is quicker than the human portage.
- It is capable to adopt where human is weak (desert and water, logged region)
Disadvantages
- It is low compared to the road transport
- Some animals cannot move in hilly areas
- Some animals cannot withstand certain climatic conditions
c) Road transport.
This involves the movement of goods and passengers by vehicles, bicycles, motorcycles and so on.
Advantages
- Roads can be constructed in areas which are accessible to other forms of transport.
- Because of being flexible goods can be sold on route or can be delivered any time.
- It is cheaper and faster for short distances.
- In some cases, it does not require large capital, except road construction.
- It is easier for people to own and purchase vehicles, bicycles and motor cycles than airplanes, motors boats and ships.
- It provides door to door services.
Disadvantages
- Weather conditions affect road transport especially during the rain season.
- It increases road accidents, hence loss of lives and destruction of properties,
- Vehicles lead to all forms of environmental pollution,
- Vehicles also limits employment of people,
- Road construction leads to degradation of environmental, hence limitation of agricultural lands,
- Vehicles are expensive and cannot be possessed by everyone.
d) Railway transport
This involves the carrying of passengers and goods by train.
Advantages
- It is cheaper for transporting bulky goods.
- Less affected by weather conditions.
- Known router and known timetable.
- It carries move-load and great number of persons.
Disadvantages
- Trains go only in place where there are railways lines.
- It is very expensive for short distances.
- It is not suitable for perishable commodities.
- It is time consuming.
- It is cost in terms of maintenance.
e) Pipeline transport
This involves the movement of liquids and gases through a pipe from one point to another.
Oil pipelines have been constructed in all parts of the world, primarily in oil-producing regions such as the Middle East, the North Sea, southern Russia, the South China Sea, Texas, Oklahoma, and Alaska.
Importance of pipeline transport
- They are ideally suited to transport the liquids and gases.
- Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrains as well as under water bodies.
- It involves very low energy consumption: just one pump is needed or only relief features to increase pressure in pipes.
- It needs very little maintenance, once it fixed in a particular place.
- Excellent safety: Pipelines are safe, accident-free and environmental friendly.
- Large volume of transportation per a given period of time and reach in various places at the same time.
- Secure supply, without being affected by weather changes.
- It is cost efficient: transport payment if less than road transport.
Disadvantages of pipeline transport
- It is not flexible, i.e., it can be used only for a few fixed points.
- Its capacity cannot be increased once it is laid.
- It involves specific skills to install and maintain.
- It is difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines.
- Underground pipelines cannot be easily repaired and detection of leakage is also difficult.
2. Water transport
This is the movement of goods and passengers on water by use of ships, ferries, canoes and boats. It also involves both in-land and marine water ways.
Advantages of water transport
- It is the cheapest for bulky goods.
- Bulky commodities can be transported over a long distance.
- It is cheaper than road transport,
- It is good to carry perishable,
- It is used to carry heavy goods than road transport,
- It doesn’t involve road construction,
- It leads to the growth of sea ports,
- It encourages development of ship factories.
Disadvantages of water transport
- It is very slow.
- The port costs are very high.
- Obstacles on rivers making the unnavigable such as rapid waterfalls, the floating vegetation, sand bars, rivers become shallow in dry seasons.
- Storms and winds sometimes interfere the ships schedule.
- It is easy to meet with water robbery,
- Large ship produce waves that destroy the coast,
- It leads to water pollution.
N.B: All methods of transport need place where journeys start and end. These are called terminals. The terminals for water journeys are called ports.
There are two types of ports such as in-land ports and sea ports. A port needs a productive hinterland. A hinterland is that area from which the port takes goods and passengers and to which it delivers them (areas surrounding a port).
3. Air transport
This is transport by use of objects that fly in the air. It includes airplanes, drones, and ballons
Advantages of air transport
- It is suitable for transporting perishable commodities.
- High speed: The supreme advantage of air transport is its high speed. It is the fastest mode of transport and thus it is the most suitable mean where time is an important factor.
- Comfortable and quick services: It provides a regular, comfortable, efficient and quick service.
- No investment in construction of track: It does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of surface track or roads.
- No physical barriers: It follows the shortest and direct route as seas, mountains or forests do not come in the way of air transport.
- Easy access: Air transport can be used to carry goods and people to the areas which are not accessible by other means of transport.
- Emergency services: It can operate even when all other means of transport cannot be operated due to the floods or other natural calamities. Thus, at that time, it is the only mode of transport which can be employed to do the relief work and provide the essential commodities of life
- Space Exploration: Air transport has helped the world in the exploration of space.
Disadvantages of air transport
- It causes air and noise pollution.
- Storage space is limited
- Dangerous goods such as those that can be infected by fire are not carried. e.g petroleum, etc.
- Usually weather condition such as fog interferes with the schedule.
- It is very expensive.
- Long time is taken in air traffic control at airfields. e.g. checking and booking
- It requires a large capital.
- It funds highly skilled man powers.
- It is a target for terrorist attack
12.1.2. Factors influencing the development of transport and importance of transport
a. Factors influencing the development of transport
The factors affecting transport are physical, political and socio- economic. They are discussed below:
- Relief: Steep slopes make the construction of roads and railway lines expensive. On the other hand, valleys have swamps, that contain water logged soils that are too soft to allow heavy objects like trailers, Lorries and trains to move on them.
- Climate: Too much rainfall results into floods and landslides, hindering transport on the ground. On the other hand, accumulation of fog and clouds reduce visibility hence affecting transport.
- Vegetation: Thick vegetation cover makes construction of road and rail networks difficult because it requires uprooting big trunks of trees. Furthermore, thick vegetation modifies climate through evapo-transpiration hence affecting air transport.
- Capital: The construction of roads, railway lines and airports is expensive. At the same time, a lot of money is required to buy ships, trucks as well as airplanes.
- Political instabilities: Wars lead to massive destruction of transport means and infrastructure such as roads, wagons, airports and ports, making transport extremely difficult.
- International restrictions based on international boundaries: These affect transport in that they restrict amount of freight. The same applies to road transport.
- Economic factor: The structure and nature of transport costs are examined, together with service quality and methods of pricing and charging.
- Government policy: These include political motives for transport facilities; government involvement in capital, monopoly, competition, safety, working conditions and coordination between modes, transport as an employer and social consequences of transport developments.
b) Importance of transport to the development of countries
- Transport promotes trade and industrialization through the transportation of necessary raw materials to factory for production of goods and finished goods to consumers
- Transport systems offer employment opportunities to many people.
- Transport promotes urban development as many urban centers have developed where transport network converges.
- Promotion of international relations since transport brings leaders together face-to-face talks.
- Promotion of tourist industry, tourists move by use of means of transport.
- Stimulation of the development of other sectors such as, agriculture, fishing and mining.
- Transport increases revenue through taxes to the government and income to local transporters.
12.1.3. Problems/challenges affecting transport and strategies of improving transport.
a) Problems/challenges affecting transport
There are major problems affecting transport activities as mentioned below:
- Inadequate capital: Transport requires enough capital investment. That is why it becomes difficult for developing countries that have weak economies to construct and maintain transport facilities such as roads, airports, ports, and railway lines.
- Natural barriers: Hostile environment such as deserts, forests, rugged and mountainous terrain hinders the establishment of transport facilities.
- Political instability: Some countries have undergone periods of political instability. With long periods of fighting in these countries, transport facilities were targeted for destruction while new lines were not established.
- Climate like heavy rainfall and floods make roads muddy and slippery. Bad climate disturbs air transport also.
- Mass wasting like landslides and mudflows affect roads in mountain areas and make roads impassable for some times.
- Low technology causes over dependence on imported expertise and technology which are expensive. This is associated with lack of skilled man power to construct infrastructure.
- Presence of water falls and rapids along river courses and their tributaries make water transport difficult.
b) Ways of improving transport
- Ensuring political stability and avoid wars that destroy transport facilities.
- Containerization of the ports and harbors for effective handling of goods and reduce delays.
- Government policies. Governments have to develop and implement international transport projects like building international highways or railways as the project understudy between Rwanda and Tanzania. Such policies boost transport development.
- Bridges are constructed across rivers to connect different areas across rivers and streams.
- Draining swamps for road construction.
- Improve engineering technology and use of national resources and materials to construct transport infrastructures. There is also need to train skilled manpower.
- To develop air transport for both domestic and international connections in big countries like it is the case in USA, in areas with large impenetrable rainforests like Equatorial forests in DRC or Amazonian forest in South America and large water bodies (oceans).
12.1.4. Case studies
1. Tanzam railway / Tazara railway
Tanzam railway also called Uhuru railway runs from Kapiri-Mposhi in Zambia, northwards to Dar es Salaam on the Indian Ocean in Tanzania. It was opened in 1975.
- Major aims of Tanzam Railway
- To promote Tanzanian and Zambian exports and imports.
- To solve Zambia’s problem of being landlocked,
- To create accessibility to the sea for export of copper.
- To open up the southern highlands of Tanzania which were productive but remote.
- Benefits of the Tanzam Railway
- Tanzam Railway provides landlocked Zambia with reliable access to the sea and therefore made the flow of trade easier.
- It promotes economic development in remote parts of Tanzania which were not accessible.
- It leads to political and economic development of Tanzania and Zambia.
- Industrial growth has been achieved since both raw materials and finished goods can be easily transported by using railway. Tanzam railway encouraged the development of mineral exploitation in Tanzania and Zambia e.g. coal and Zambian copper.
- It provides employment opportunities for the local people like drivers, technicians, casual laborers and earns income to improve their standard of living.
- It has contributed to the economic growth of the port of Dar-es-Salaam while increasing government revenue.
- It contributes to the development of tourism especially to Tanzanian through port charges.
- It influences the development of other transport systems like feeder roads.
- Railway reduces transport costs incurred by Zambia compared to using the ports of other countries for its trade such as Lobito in Angola.
iii. Shortcomings of Tanzam Railway
- The serious delays on the route because of the long distance covered.
- High cost of maintaining the railway lines due to frequent breakdown. Railway need to be regularly rehabilitated and upgraded.
- It is affected by the weather conditions (heavy rain). Kilombero valley section is always exposed to flooding.
- Zambia faces the problems of high taxes in the payment of port charges at Dar-Es-Salaam.
- There is poor management of railway lines due to corruption and embezzlement. Private sectors can better manage the railway.
- There is a use of old line structure with shortage and inappropriate locomotives and wagons. There is a need to develop systematic programs to replace old locomotives and wagons as well as communication systems.
2. Trans-African Highway (T.A.H)
It is from Cape town to Cairo linking the Northern and Southern regions. It passes through Bulawayo, Harare, Lusaka, Dares Salaam, Nairobi, Kampala and Khartoum among other cities and towns. It has deviations to serve other regions adjoining the highway. It also runs from Mombasa through Uganda, DRC and Cameroon to Lagos in Nigeria. This was built to promote trade between West and East Africa.
- Advantages of the Trans-African Highway:
The Trans-African Highway has too much benefited the African States in / by which it passes in the following ways:
- It has enhanced cooperation among the countries through which it passes.
- The highway spearheaded the formation of economic and political unions such as East African Community (EAC) and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
- It has increased trade prospects between member States and has also stimulated trade on the continent by facilitating easy movement of people and goods.
- It has enabled the development of the remote parts of African countries. It encourages tourism in those countries where it passes and the distribution of human settlement patterns (linear and nucleated types).
- It is important in the transportation of agricultural raw materials.
- Problems facing Trans-African Highway
The following are the major problems facing trans-African highway:
- Political instability or wars) in some African countries in which the high way pass has limited transportation of goods along this highway, this has affected its effective use.
- Frequent civil conflict affects its performance in various parts of the continents where the high way is passing.
- Some countries charge high tariffs at the border posts which is increasing the cost of transport.
- The volume of trade along the highway has further reduced due to delays caused by numerous border bureaucracies of screening and vetting of goods and passengers across borders.
- Insecurity and loss of goods on transit caused by banditry and smuggling along these highways have made the highways unsafe. This has further reduced their usage.
3. Trans- Siberian railway in Russia
- The Trans-Siberian Railway is a network of railways connecting European Russia from Moscow with the Russian Far East and the East Sea / Sea of Japan. It is the longest railway in the world with a line length of 9,259 km. There are branch lines to China through Mongolia and Manchuria. It was started in 1891 and completed in 1916.
The importance of the Trans-Siberian Railway:
- The Trans-Siberian Railway gave a positive boost to Siberian agricultural crops. Wheat, rice, potatoes and sugar beet are grown. This facilitates substantial exports to central Russia and Europe.
- It influenced the territories it connected directly, as well as those connected to it by river transport.
- It attracts many foreign tourists in Russia, Siberia through creating accessibility to tourist attractions like Ural Mountains, Lake Baikal, and Moscow metro tunnel.
- The Trans-Siberian Railway encourages rural settlement in the inhabited areas of Siberia
- Development of towns. Trans-Siberian railway runs through important towns like Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude, etc. These towns developed accommodation, commerce, health and education services. Improvement of industrial development through transportation of raw materials such as copper, phosphates, coal, iron, etc.
- Development of trade between the Eastern Europe and Asian countries like Japan, China and Siberian.
- Political and economic unity between the East and West Russia was achieved.
- Challenges of Trans- Siberian railway:
- Its construction led to clearance of forests as well as destruction of Ural Mountains
- It led to over exploitation of resources such as iron and steel from Karaganda field and oil from the west Siberian oil fields
- Loss of lives through accidents like derailing of the trains and sometimes collision.
- It led to urbanization in former natural environment areas with its related problems such as congestions, slums development, and pollution.
4. Rotterdam (Europort in the Netherlands)
Rotterdam is a port located at the mouths of rivers Rhine and the Meuse on the North Sea. The name is derived from a stream known as Rotte. Today, the major development is concentrated on Euro Port on the seaward end of new waterway and not at Rotterdam. It is one the busiest port in the world. Rotterdam port serves a large rich hinterland of Belgium, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Switzerland.
i. The factors which influenced the growth of Rotterdam
- Inland water transport: Rotterdam has a well-developed in-land water linkage to the interior of Western Europe.
- These navigable rivers link the port to its hinterland: Elbe, Rhone and Danube.
- Strategic location: The port of Rotterdam is centrally located where sea routes converge such as the sea route to the North America, Africa and various parts of Europe and even Asia.
- It is an important waterway for Ruhr industrial region.
- Suitable climate: Rotterdam experiences a cool temperate climate. Like the other ports in the world, Rotterdam enjoys conductive weather conditions free from mist throughout the year.
- Establishment of industries: Rotterdam is located in a region of heavy industrialization. The major industries are oil refineries, food processing, ship building, petrochemicals, iron and steel industries. The importation and exportation of both raw materials and finished products through the port have led to its expansion making it the busiest port in the world.
- Large and rich hinterland: Rotterdam has a wide and rich hinterland which traverses the neighboring rich countries such as Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Germany, France, and Austria. The hinterland is rich in grains, mineral ores, iron and steel products. The port therefore handles a large volume of import and export goods which influenced its growth.
- There is a high level of technology: The high level of technology is used in the construction of canals and its maintenance, pipelines, railway lines that link the port to its hinterland.
- The availability of sufficient capital: This has facilitated the expansion of port activities over the years. Big projects for the development of the port were implemented such as the expansion of industrial storage facilities, construction of pipelines, canals, railways and high ways, etc.
- Proximity of Rotterdam to the North Sea: North Sea is one of the busiest international routes in the world. This proximity increases the amount of Cargo handled by the port, thereby fastening its growth and development.
- Low tidal range: The difference between the low tide and high tide at Rotterdam is very small. This allows large ships to use this port. Many ships are able to load and off-load their Cargo because of this unique characteristic.
- Favorable government policies: The government of Netherland supported the establishment, growth and development of Rotterdam port. It provided the capital for establishment of port structures, established the authority which was given responsibilities of running the port activities.
- Skilled man power: Being in an area that is developed with modern universities the port benefited from a large supply of skilled man power required in the port establishment.
- Problems facing Rotterdam Euro port:
- Problem of congestion because of many water going vessels.
- Pollution of the environment as a result of industrialization, urbanization, vehicles which releases fumes to the atmosphere.
- Siltation of the river Rhine is a problem that faces the port.
- There is limited land for further expansion of the port.
- Overcrowding at the port due to many people.
- Big Population at the port made housing very expensive.
- High levels of unemployment because of high demand for jobs and this sometimes results into the problems of crimes
- The problem of flooding because Rotterdam is located on the north part of Netherlands which is a low-lying area.
- The problem of poor visibility resulting from fog and smoke at the port. This leads to accidents and sometimes delays delivery of cargos.
- The problem of accidents by ships which often leads to the loss of Cargo and sometimes lives.
- There is also problem of prostitution brought about by attraction from a large population.
- Steps being taken to solve the problem:
- The construction of storm surge barrier automatically operated the control storm surges and minimizes flooding at the port. Dykes have also been constructed for this purpose.
- There is an increased use of radar system to avoid collision of vessels during foggy weather conditions.
- The port authority occasionally dredges the river Rhine and Maas thereby ensuring that they are free from silt and can be safe to ships.
- The industrial wastes are treated before they are released to the environment. This minimizes the case of pollution. The noise is also carefully monitored and regulated to avoid noise pollution.
- There is containerization to ensure safety of cargo, fast handling and dispatch of cargo.
- The port authority has also reclaimed land from the North Sea marshlands and the rivers to create more space for the port.
- There is a strict control of crimes through deployment of security personnel to monitor and discourage criminal acts at the port.
5. St. Lawrence sea way (USA-CANADA)
St. Lawrence seaway stretches from Port Duluth on Lake Superior to port St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean. It covers a distance of 3,800 Km. It is the longest inland waterway in the world with the largest volume of traffic. It serves Canada and the USA. It allows passage of ocean going vessels. Before the sea way was constructed, large ships could only sail on the great lakes up to St. Lawrence town as far as Montreal. The construction of St. Lawrence seaway was a joint project venture between the governments of Canada and USA. The construction works began in 1954 and ended in 1959
Economic benefits of St. Lawrence seaway for the USA and Canada
- Cheap transport: The seaway has offered a cheap means of transport from the interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean liner finds it direct, quick and short to access the interior as opposed to the previous route through New York. This has enhanced the movement of people and goods.
- Creation of employment: Through transportation of raw material and finished products along the seaway, there has been an increased volume of traffic. This has created job opportunities.
- Generation of hydroelectric power: The construction of dams along the seaway like Saunders and Beauharnous on Niagara Falls has led to the generation of abundant power. The power is cheap and reliable. It is used for both domestic and industrial use.
- Growth of Towns: St. Lawrence Sea Way has encouraged urbanisation along its shores. This is because the ports along it have attracted settlement. Examples of such towns are Quebec, Duluth and Hamilton.
- Increased volume of trade: St Lawrence Seaway has led to the increase of the volume of trade between the USA, Canada and the rest of the world. This has been due to the ease of transporting of goods such as iron ore, copper, wheat and manufactured goods.
- Development of tourism: The seaway with the spectacular Niagara Falls is a great tourist attraction. This has earned foreign exchange to the two countries.
- Development of industries: The seaway has contributed to the development of industries in the USA and Canada. The power generated from the dams is directly used in the industries. Likewise, water from the dams is used in cooling industrial plants.
Problems of St Lawrence sea way
- Congestion, unemployment, high crime rate due to the growth of urban centers.
- High cost of maintaining the seaway like dredging to solve the problem of silting.
- Decline in fishing activities due to destruction of wetlands and fish habitant as a result of dredging and blasting as well as pollution of water.
- Many rocks which are used to adjust the level of water to improve navigation. These result into delays in movement.
- Increase of pollution due to oil and chemical spills as a result of enormous increase of cargo size as well as industrialization.
Communication is a process of transferring information from one place or person to another in the form of news and massages.
12.2.1. Meaning and types of communication
a. Types or forms of communication
There are different links, instruments and devices used in the transmission of information from one point to another Early modes of communication included sending runners with verbal messages, fire and smoke signals, and later drums and horn blowing. The invention of writing led to improved communication as letters could be delivered to various destinations.
Those methods of communication were found to be slow and inaccurate in some instances and limited in terms of the distances they could cover The rise in electrical technology led to a new concept in communication known as telecommunication, which is communication over long distances.
The following are the main types of telecommunication:
- Telegraph: Telegraph enabled messages to be transmitted by cables as a series of electrical impulses. The signals were in the form of the Morse code, which could be easily interpreted. Most places were thus linked by telegraphic cables. Undersea cables were also laid below the oceans.
- Telephones: This is where cables connected to a local exchange are used to transmit voice messages over long distances. The sound waves are changed into an electric current which is then transmitted to the receiver phone, where it is then interpreted by being re-transformed into sound waves that can be interpreted by human ear.
- Radio: is a way to send electromagnetic signals over a long distance, to deliver information from one place to another. It also usually stands as a machine which sends out and receives messages using air waves to a large mass of people.
- Television: is a piece of electrical equipment which shows pictures through the air or along cables
- Internet: Internet means “interconnected networks”. It is a large system of connected computers around the world that allows people to share information and communicate with each other. It is a system that links devices worldwide.
12.2.2. Importance of communication, problems affecting communication and their solutions
a) Importance of communication
- Communication system facilitates economic development by sending information to various locations of the world. This promotes domestic and international trade.
- Communication is the basis of organisational functioning: good communication is an essential tool in achieving productivity and maintaining strong working relationships at all levels of an organisation.
- Communication sector has led to the creation of employment opportunities to a variety of categories of people such as journalists, media managers and users
- Investors in the sector of communication such as radio, television and social media (e.g. Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, etc. get more revenue and many of them belong now in the world’s richest class.
- Communication facilitates easy dissemination of information to remote areas.
- Communication helps in building good public relations: good public relations comprise relations of the enterprise with outside agencies, particularly consumers and the public at large.
b) Problems affecting communication
- Inadequate capital: Many developing countries experience a problem of weak economies and few industries. They thus have insufficient funds needed to construct and maintain communication facilities.
- High taxes: there are high taxes attached to the importation of communication equipment as well as high operation charges.
- Inadequate technical know-how: This has hindered the growth of telecommunication since most countries have to rely on expatriates whose payments are very high.
- Natural barriers: desert, forest, rugged and mountainous terrains have hindered the establishment of communication facilities like telephone boosters.
- Competition: there is competition between the local companies involved in the sector and free online communication systems.
- Lack of skills: there is general lack of knowledge and skills to use telecommunication devices such as computers, radios, newspaper.
Solutions to the problems faced in communication
- Political stability: there should be dialogue between countries and the use of peace talks should be emphasized.
- Investing in communication and where capital is not available, looking for ways of getting it through loans or aid.
- Countries should invest more on training their people so as to equip them with knowledge to hand the ever-changing technology. It is cheaper to train home-grown personnel than to hire expatriates.
- To increase the knowledge in technology: Use the recent technology radio, telephones, television, and internet to improve the standards of communication.
- Communication is the link between knowledge and information. Therefore, there is need to provide knowledge of the people to be able to communicate properly.
Interrelationship between Transportation, communication and Economic development
- Both promote internal and external trade
- They promote the use of natural resources
- Create the employment opportunities
They help in increase of market of the products