Chapter 5 Guided Note Packet to Accompany Concepts of Biology by Open Stax

Created Oct. 6, 2024 by Bryon Spicci

Guided Note Packet for Chapter 5 – Concepts of Biology

5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

  1. Solar Dependence and Food Production

  1. Organisms that make their own food are called ___________________________
  2. Organisms that use sunlight and carbon dioxide to synthesize food molecules are also called ____________________________________________.
  3. ___________________________ are organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis and must consume other organisms for food.
  1. True or False: When a lion eats a zebra that eats grass, that lion is obtaining energy that originally came from the sun?

  1. Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis

  1. In the box to the left of the yield sign list the substances that are needed for photosynthesis to occur.  In the box to the right list the substances produced by photosynthesis.
  1. In which plant organ does most of the photosynthesis occur
  1. Leaf
  2. Stem
  3. Roots
  1. The process of photosynthesis occurs in this organelle _____________________.
  2. The chloroplasts are in the middle layer of the leaf which is called
  1. Stomata
  2. Mesophyll
  1. Chloroplasts are composed of ___________ layer(s) of membranes.
  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Three
  1. The tiny openings in the leaves through which gas exchange can take place between the chloroplasts and the outside environment is called?
  1. Stomata
  2. Stroma
  1. The third membrane of the chloroplast consists of stacked disc-shaped structures called ______________________________________
  1. What is a stack of thylakoids called?  ____________________________
  1. The molecule that absorbs light throughout the entire process of photosynthesis and is responsible for the green color of plants is called?
  1. Lutein
  2. Anthocyanin
  3. Betacyanin
  4. Chlorophyll
  1. The area of space inside the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids is called the
  1. Stromata
  2. Stroma

  1. The Two Parts of Photosynthesis

  1. List the names of the two stages of photosynthesis in the spaces provided:
  1. ____________________________________________________________
  2. ____________________________________________________________
  1. Describe what happens during each stage of photosynthesis:
  1. Light-Dependent Stage _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  1. Light-Independent Stage _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.2: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

  1. What is light energy?
  1. The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted from the sun that we can see is called?
  1. Gamma rays
  2. X-rays
  3. Radar waves
  4. Visible light
  5. Ultraviolet rays
  1. The way electromagnetic radiation is best described and measured as is  ________________________.
  2. How do scientists determine the amount of energy of a wave of electromagnetic radiation?
  1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  1. Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a characteristic range of ___________________.
  2. List the following types of electromagnetic radiation is order from shortest to longest wavelengths in the provided spaces, (gamma rays, infrared, radio, UV, visible, and X-Rays).  Put an H next to those that are considered to be harmful to humans.
  1. ___________________
  2. ___________________
  3. ___________________
  4. ___________________
  5. ___________________
  6. ___________________
  1. Absorption of Light
  1. Which wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are absorbed by plants for photosynthesis? See figure 5.10 in the text.
  1. _____________________________________________________
  1. How does the human eye perceive the different wavelengths of visible light?
  1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  1. Using figure 5.10 as a guide list the different colors of visible light in order from the shortest to the longest wavelengths in the spaces provided below.
  1. ________________________________
  2. ________________________________
  3. ________________________________
  4. ________________________________
  5. ________________________________
  6. ________________________________
  1. As the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation become ___________________ (shorter/longer), the energy carried in those waves increases; whereas the wavelengths become longer, the amount of energy in those waves ________________ (increases/decreases).
  1. Understanding Pigments
  1. Each photosynthetic pigment can only absorb ______________ wavelengths of visible light. These pigments ___________ (reflect/absorb) the colors that they cannot absorb.
  2. The common green color of plants is due to the pigment:
  1. Carotenoids
  2. Chlorophyll C
  3. Chlorophyll A
  1. The specific pattern of wavelengths that each pigment absorbs is its
  1. __________________________________________________________
  1. How Light-Dependent Reactions Work
  1. The light dependent reaction occurs in a special group of pigment molecules and proteins embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. These groupings are called:
  1. Photosystems
  2. Photons
  1. A quantity of light energy absorbed by a pigment molecule is called a ___________________
  2. What must happen for a chlorophyll molecule to become excited and donate an electron to a nearby primary electron acceptor?
  1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  1. To replace the electron lost from the chlorophyll molecule, a molecule of _________ must be split to release electrons, hydrogen ions (H+), and oxygen (O2).
  1. True or False: The source of O2 that we breath comes from the splitting of water during photosynthesis?
  1. What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
  1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  2. The electron lost from photosystem II (PSII) will make its way through a series of electron carriers until it reaches the next photosystem which is called _______________________________.
  3. As electrons pass from PSII to PSI an electron transport chain actively moves _______ against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid space. This creates an electrochemical gradient which is a source of potential energy to be used next.
  1. Generating an Energy Carrier: ATP
  1. The energy stored in the electrochemical gradient in the thylakoid space is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. The hydrogen ions are allowed to pass through the thylakoid membrane by an embedded protein complex called ____________ synthetase.
  1. Generating Another Energy Carrier: NADPH
  1. Briefly outline and explain the process by which NADP+ is converted into the energy rich compound NADPH
  1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.3 The Calvin Cycle

  1. The Interworking’s of the Calvin Cycle
  1. Using figure 5.14 as a guide briefly outline the relationship between the light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. Use a different sheet of paper to do this and attach it to this note packet.
  1. List the three basic stages of the Calvin cycle!
  1. ______________________
  2. ______________________
  3. ______________________
  1. What are the chemicals necessary to initiate the Calvin cycle? List them below.
  1. ______________________
  2. ______________________
  3. ______________________
  1. Briefly explain the first step or reaction that occurs in the Calvin cycle. What is this step called?
  1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  2. The substance formed from carbon fixation  is called 3-PGA. The stored energy from NADPH and ATP convert this into ___________________. What is this type of reaction called? _____________________________. What happens to the NADP+ and ADP molecules that form as a result?
  3. One G3P molecule leaves the cycle to form ____________________.  The remaining G3P molecules are used to regenerate ___________________.
  4. How many turns of the Calvin cycle does it take to produce one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6)?
  1. ____________

You are responsible for the remaining material on pages 129 – 130. Please make flashcards of the chapter terms beginning on page 131.  This is the end of the unit 1 material.  Make preparations for the unit 1 test.

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