Chapter 6 Guided Note Outline to Accompany Concepts of Biology by Open Stax

Guided Note Outline for Chapter 6: Reproduction at The Cellular Level

Concepts of Biology by Open Stax

6.1: The Genome

1. The complete complement of DNA inside a cell is called its ___________________
2. The genome of a prokaryotic cell is composed of:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. In prokaryotes, the region of the cell that contains the genetic material is called a ____________________.
2. In eukaryotes, the genome is composed of:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Human somatic cells have (23/46) ______ chromosomes.
2. A somatic cell that contains two matched sets of chromosomes, a configuration that is known as _________________.
3. The configuration diploid is represented as (n/2n) ______. Whereas haploid is represented as (n/2n) _________.
4. Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes are (n/2n) ____ or (haploid/diploid) ___________.
5. Human sex cells are called ____________ and are designated n or __________________.
6.  The matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are called ___________________   _____________________.
7.  Specific nucleotide sequences along a chromosome are called ______________.
8. Genes determine specific characteristics by coding for ________________  ________________.
9. The different forms of a characteristic are called _____________.
10. Check for understanding:

1. True or False: Eye color is a character with blue eyes being a trait.
2. True or False: Each copy of the homologous pair of chromosomes originates from the same parent?
3. True or False: Humans inherit two copies of a gene for a given characteristic, one from each parent?

6.2 The Cell Cycle

1.  The _____________  _________ is an ordered series of events involving the growth and division of a given cell.
2. The two major stages of the cell cycle are _______________ and the _________  ____________.

1. During _____________________ the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
2. During the ____________  _____________ the cell’s cytoplasm and replicated DNA is separated and the cell divides.

1. Interphase

1. Stages of Interphase

1. ____________ or first gap is the first stage of interphase. Briefly explain in the space provided the biochemical events occurring inside the cell.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

1. The second stage of interphase is the _______ phase. This phase results in the formation of  two identical copies of each chromosome that are called ____________________  _________________________. What other cellular structure is being divided during the S phase and what is its function?

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the name of the structure that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis_______________________________?

1. The last stage of interphase is the __________ phase or second gap. Explain the importance of this final stage of interphase on the lines below.

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. The Mitotic Phase

1. Like interphase the mitotic phase is broken down into two stages mitosis and cytokinesis.

1. The first part of the mitotic phase is called _____________ which accomplishes nuclear division.

1. Mitosis is divided into a series of phases, list them below:

1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________

1. The second portion of the mitotic phase is called  _________________ which separates the cytoplasm of the parent cell into two daughter cells.

1. Definitions: Define the following terms presented here

1. Kinetochore –
2. Metaphase plate –
3. Mitosis –
4. Cytokinesis –

Mitosis Table

Instructions: using figure 6.4 in your  textbook as a guide fill in the table with the events that occur inside the cell during each stage of mitosis

1. Cytokinesis

1.  ________________ is the second part of the mitotic phase which completes cell division by separation of the cytoplasmic contents of the parent cell into two daughter cells.
2. In animal cells only, cytokinesis begins with the formation of furrow or crack in the plasma membrane which is called a ________________  ________________.
3. In plant cells only, a structure forms that will result in a new cell wall between daughter cells.  This structure is called a _______________ _________________.

1. G0 Phase

1. Explain the significance of the G0 phase of the cell cycle.

1. Give two examples of cells that never or rarely divide.

1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________

1. Control of the Cell Cycle

1. How long does the G1 phase last in fast dividing mammalian cells?

1. Regulation at Internal Checkpoints

1. Why is it important that the cell has checkpoints at which the cell cycle can be stopped at different times?

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List the three internal checkpoints that occur during the cell cycle

1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________

1. What is the role of the G1 checkpoint?

1. What is the role of the G2 checkpoint?
2. What is the role of the M checkpoint?

6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle

1. All different type of cancers is caused by a common mechanism

1. ________________________________________________________

1. Genes that code for positive cell-cycle regulators are called _______ - ______________.
2. When these genes  become mutated, they can cause a cell to become cancerous.  These are called

1.  _______________________________________

1. Genes that code for the negative cell-cycle regulators are called

1. ______________  _______________________  _________________

1. Check for understanding:

1. For each one of the cell cycle regulators indicate if it is a proto-oncogene, or a tumor suppressor gene.

1. Cdk - _______________________________________________________
2. p53 - _______________________________________________________
3. RB1 - ______________________________________________________
4. p21 - _______________________________________________________

1. True or False: In more than one half of all tumor cells studied mutated p53 genes have been identified.
2. True or False: A cell with an abnormal p53 protein cannot repair damaged DNA or signal apoptosis, these cells can become cancerous.

6.4: Prokaryotic Cell Division

1. Binary Fission

1. The cell division process of prokaryotes is called __________ _______________.

1. True or False: Binary fission is less complex than cell division in eukaryotes.

1. The starting point of DNA replication in prokaryotes is called the ___________, which is close to the binding site of the chromosome to the plasma membrane.
2. This replication occurs in two directions, this is called __________________. As the cell elongates, the growing membrane aids in the transport of the chromosomes.
3. Cytoplasmic separation begins with the formation of a ______________, which is formed between the nucleoids from the periphery toward the center of the cell. A new cell wall forms in place that separates the daughter cells. See figure 6.9.
4. Prokaryotic cells lack a mitotic spindle as in eukaryotes. The protein that directs the partition between the nucleoids during binary fission is called _____________.

Make flashcards of the key terms of chapter 6 at the end of the chapter beginning on page 149.

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