Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.

Hank describes how cells regulate their contents and communicate with one another via mechanisms within the cell membrane.

Chapters:
1) Passive Transport
2) Diffusion
3) Osmosis
4) Channel Proteins
5) Active Transport
6) ATP
7) Transport Proteins
8) Biolography
9) Vesicular Transport
10) Exocytosis
11) Endocytosis
12) Phagocytosis
13) Pinocytosis
14) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Hank gets down to the nitty-gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.

Chapters:
1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs
2) Primary Oocytes
3) Primary Spermatocytes
4) Meiosis
5) Interphase I
6) Prophase I
a) Crossover
b) Recombination
7) Metaphase I
8) Anaphase I
9) Telophase I
10) Prophase II
11) Metaphase II
12) Anaphase II
13) Telophase II

Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.

Chapters:
1. Mitosis
2. Interphase
a) Chromatin
b) Centrosomes
3) Prophase
a) Chromosomes
b) Chromatid
c) Microtubules
4) Metaphase
a) Motor Proteins
5) Biolography
6) Anaphase
7) Telophase
8) Cleavage
9) Cytokinesis

Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.

Chapters:
1) Natural Selection
2) Adaptation
3) Fitness
4) Four Principals
a. Variations
b. Heritability
c. "The Struggle for Existence"
d. Survival and Reproductive Rates
5) Biolography
6) Modes of Selection
a. Directional Selection
b. Stabilizing Selection
c. Disruptive Selection
7) Sexual Selection
8) Artificial Selection

Hank begins a series of videos on organ systems with a look at the nervous system and all of the things that it is responsible for in the body.

Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth and are our oldest, oddest relatives.

Chapters:
1) Archaea
a) Methanogens
b) Extremophiles

2) Bacteria :2
3) Gram Positive
a) Proteobacteria
b) Cyanobacteria
c) Spirochetes
d) Chlamydias

4) Protists
a) Protozoa
b) Algae
c) Slime Molds

Hank explains the extremely complex series of reactions whereby plants feed themselves on sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, and also create some by products we're pretty fond of as well.

Chapters:
1) Water
2) Carbon Dioxide
3) Sunlight/Photons
4) Chloroplasts
5) Light Reaction/Light-Dependent
a. Photosystem II
b. Cytochrome Complex
c. ATP Synthase
d. Photosystem I
6) Dark Reactions/Light-Independent
a. Phase 1 - Carbon Fixation
b. Phase 2 - Reduction
c. Phase 3 - Regeneration
Review

Hank describes why plants are so freaking amazing - discussing their evolution, and how their cells are both similar to & different from animal cells.

Chapters:
1. Introduction
2. Plant Evolution
3. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
4. Cellulose and Lignin
5. Plastids and Chloroplasts
6. Central Vacuole

Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot different compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) do it.

Chapters:
1) Sporophyte Dominance
2) Ferns
3) Gymnosperms
4) Angiosperms
5) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition!

Hank talks about population genetics, which helps to explain the evolution of populations over time by combing the principles of Mendel and Darwin, and by means of the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

Chapters:
1. Population Genetics
2. Population
3. Allele Frequency
4. 5 Factors
a) Natural Selection
b) Natural Selection/Random Mating
c) Mutation
d) Genetic Drift
e) Gene Flow
5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
6. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
7. Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Hank introduces us to nonvascular plants - liverworts, hornworts & mosses - which have bizarre features, kooky habits, and strange sex lives. Nonvascular plants inherited their reproductive cycle from algae, but have perfected it to the point where it is now used by all plants in one way or another and has even left traces in our own reproductive systems.

Chapters:
1) Key Traits of Nonvascular Plants
2) 3 Phyla of Bryophytes
3) Alternation of Generations
a) Gametophyte Generation
b) Sporophyte Generation
c) In Vascular Plants

Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work?

Chapters:
1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm
2) Sex Determination
3) Secondary Sexual Characteristics
4) Female Reproductive Structures
a) Uterus & Oviducts
b) Endometrium (Menstruation)
c) Cervix & Vagina
5) Male Reproductive Structures
a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas
b) Penis
c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission)

Hank introduces us to the "simplest" of the animals, complexity-wise: beginning with sponges (whose very inclusion in the list as "animals" has been called into question because they are so simple) and finishing with the most complex molluscs, octopuses and squid. We differentiate them by the number of tissue layers they have, and by the complexity of those layers.

Chapters:
1) Porifera
2) Cnidaria
a) Diploblasts
3) Platyhelminthes
a) Triploblasts
b) Coelom
4) Biolography
5) Nematoda
6) Rotifera
7) Molusca

Hank introduces us to the framework of our bodies, our skeleton, which apart from being the support and protection for all our fleshy parts, is involved in many other vital processes that help our bodies to function properly.

Chapters:
1) Endoskeleton
2) Biolography
3) New Bone Formation
4) Bone Structure
5) Bone Remodeling

Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.

Chapters:
1) Species
2) Hybrids
3) Reproductive Isolation
a) Post-Zygotic
b) Pre-Zygotic
4) Allopatric Speciation
5) Sympatric Speciation
6) Biolography
7) Dogs

Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy.

Chapters:
1) Taxonomy
2) Phylogenetic Tree
3) Biolography
4) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits
5) Homologous Traits
6) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature
7) Domains
a) Bateria
b) Archaea
c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms
-Plantae
-Protista
-Fungi
-Animalia

Hank introduces us to one of the most diverse and important families in the tree of life - the vascular plants. These plants have found tremendous success and their secret is also their defining trait: conductive tissues that can take food and water from one part of a plant to another part. Though it sounds simple, the ability to move nutrients and water from one part of an organism to another was an evolutionary breakthrough for vascular plants, allowing them to grow exponentially larger, store food for lean times, and develop features that allowed them to spread farther and faster. Plants dominated the earth long before animals even showed up, and even today hold the world records for the largest, most massive, and oldest organisms on the planet.

Chapters:
1) 3 Tissue Types
2) Primary Growth
3) Secondary Growth
4) Dermal Tissue
a) Epidermis
5) Parenchyma Cells
6) Vascular Tissue
7) Xylem
8) Collenchyma
9) Sclerenchyma
10) Ground Tissue
a) Mesophyll
b) Photosynthesis
11) Phloem

Hank teaches us why water is one of the most fascinating and important substances in the universe.

Chapters:
Re-watch
Introduction
Molecular structure & hydrogen bonds
Cohesion & surface tension
Adhesion
Hydrophilic substances
Hydrophobic substances
Henry Cavendish
Ice Density
Heat Capacity

Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.

Chapters:
1) Innate Immune System
a) Mucous Membranes
b) Inflammatory Response
c) Leukocytes