NaijaCLIMATE- Module I: Climate Literacy 101
Overview
The easy-to-understand self-study tutorial democratises contextual climate education in Nigeria through an easy-to-understand open self-study tutorial. Taking into consideration the ways climate change affects different regions, the online self-study tutorial is designed to build the capacity of any literate person with little or no prior formal education or knowledge of climate change. The open tutorial will also be beneficial for participants interested in building their capacity on climate education for the non-specialist audience.
Project Funders
Introduction
Welcome to our online self-study tutorial on climate change adaptation in Nigeria!
This tutorial is designed to be accessible, engaging, and informative, helping you understand the impacts of climate change on Nigeria and what we can do to adapt and mitigate its effects.
By the end of the course, you will have the knowledge to make a difference in your community.
This tutorial is for you if you are:
Interested in taking action to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change in Nigeria
- Literate and interested in understanding the concept of climate change and how it affects Nigeria and Nigerians
Lesson 1: Is the Climate Changing in Nigeria?
Welcome to Lesson 1
We will look at climate change and how it's affecting our beautiful country Nigeria. Together, we'll dive into understanding what climate change is all about and examine the evidence that shows our environment is transforming right before our eyes. We'll also take a closer look at how these changes impact different regions across Nigeria.
What is climate change?
Climate change is like a fascinating puzzle, with each piece representing a small part of the bigger picture. So, what exactly is climate change, and why should we care?
Picture the Earth as a giant, spinning sphere, surrounded by an invisible layer that keeps us warm and cosy, like a soft, fluffy blanket. This layer, made up of gases, is our atmosphere, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining a stable climate for us to thrive.
Now, imagine that over time, we've been adding extra layers to this blanket, making it heavier and warmer. These extra layers come from our day-to-day activities, like driving cars, using electricity from fossil fuels, cutting down trees, and producing all the things we use and consume. As a result, we've released loads of gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere. These gases are called greenhouse gases, and they're the sneaky culprits behind climate change.
Lesson 1: Is the Climate Changing in Nigeria?
When these greenhouse gases accumulate, they form an extra-thick layer that traps heat close to the Earth's surface, making our planet warmer than it should be. This process is called global warming, and it's the driving force behind climate change.
Now, you might be wondering, what's the big deal about a little extra warmth? Well, the consequences of this seemingly small temperature increase can be quite dramatic! As our planet heats up, we start to see some unexpected twists and turns in our environment. Glaciers and ice sheets are melting, causing sea levels to rise and putting coastal communities at risk.
Warmer temperatures also mean that weather patterns are becoming more extreme and unpredictable, with more intense storms, droughts, and heat waves taking place. We're even witnessing changes in the habitats and behaviours of plants and animals, as they try to adapt to the shifting climate.
And that's not all! Climate change doesn't just impact nature – it affects us humans, too. Our food and water supplies, health, and homes are all influenced by these climatic changes. So, you see, climate change is a multi-faceted phenomenon that impacts our lives in countless ways. But the good news is that by learning more about it, understanding its causes and consequences, and working together, we can make a difference.
Lesson 1: Is the Climate Changing in Nigeria?
Evidence of climate change in Nigeria
Did you know that Nigeria has been experiencing some sweltering temperatures in recent years? That's right! Between 2014 and 2018, some central and northern parts of the country saw the mercury rise above a sizzling 40°C, with Maiduguri and Nguru even reaching scorching highs of 44.5°C and 44.4°C [1] respectively.
These rise in temperatures is turning up the heat and causing a stir in rainfall patterns. This can lead to longer and more severe droughts, which can be tough for local communities that rely on agriculture and livestock to make a living. The lack of water resources also puts stress on the environment and can lead to desertification, making it even more difficult for people and wildlife to thrive
Now a quick trip to the lush, vibrant southern regions of Nigeria. Here, rising sea levels and more intense storms are prevalent. These changes can lead to flooding and erosion, which can damage homes, infrastructure, and even entire communities. Coastal areas are particularly at risk, as they bear the brunt of the impacts of climate change.
Lesson 1: Is the Climate Changing in Nigeria?
As we journey through the climate change evidence in Nigeria, it's important to take a closer look at some remarkable case studies that truly bring the reality of the situation to life.
Case Study One: Lake Chad Shrinkage
The shrinking of Lake Chad, which was once a massive body of water that provided life-sustaining resources to millions of people across Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger. Over the past few decades, Lake Chad has shockingly lost more than 90% of its surface area, leaving many people in the region facing severe water shortages, food scarcity, and conflict. The dramatic shrinkage of this precious lake is a clear sign that climate change is making its mark on Nigeria.
It should be noted that although, the rise in temperature is a mojor contrubutor in the lake shrinkage, the population pressure in the region on the water and its resources is further exacerbating the situation.
Lesson 1: Is the Climate Changing in Nigeria?
Case Study Two: Sea Incursion, Ilaje, Obe LGA – Ondo State.
Another captivating case study that showcases the impact of climate change on Nigeria is the alarming sea encroachment in the Obe area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Residents of coastal communities have witnessed the gradual invasion of seawater into their lands, as beaches, homes, and farmlands are swallowed up by the encroaching ocean. This relentless encroachment not only threatens the livelihoods of the people living there but also puts their very survival at risk. The sea's invasion is driven by rising sea levels, a direct consequence of climate change that can be attributed to melting ice sheets and the thermal expansion of water.
Lesson 1: Is the Climate Changing in Nigeria?
These two case studies are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to exploring the tangible evidence of climate change in Nigeria. As we dive deeper into our journey, we'll uncover more persuasive examples of how climate change is affecting our nation's diverse ecosystems, from the lush rainforests of the south to the arid landscapes of the north, and everything in between.
We'll also unravel the intricate web of interconnected factors that contribute to these changes, such as deforestation, pollution, and our everyday actions. By understanding the evidence and the driving forces behind climate change in Nigeria, we can empower ourselves to take meaningful action and protect our cherished natural heritage for generations to come.
Have a look at this map of Nigeria, showing different regions and environmental problems
By understanding these regional differences, we can work together to develop innovative solutions and adapt to the challenges that lie ahead. After all, when it comes to climate change, we're all in this together!
Self Reflection
We have come to the end of lesson 1.
Considering what you have learnt in lesson 1, reflect on how climate change has affected your community. Can you identify any changes in temperature, rainfall, or other weather patterns?
Action Point: Research the impacts of climate change in your local area and share your findings with friends, family, or on social media.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Welcome to the eye-opening journey of exploring how our everyday actions can impact the climate in Nigeria!
In this lesson, we'll uncover the various ways in which we unknowingly contribute to the climate crises. We'll dive into the nitty-gritty of our daily lives and discover how our choices, big and small, can either fuel the fire or cool down the planet.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Greenhouse gas emissions and their sources in Nigeria
Let's dive deeper into the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Nigeria.
Pollution – The master of disguise that stealthily infiltrates our air and water, wreaking havoc on our environment and health.
Natural pollution arises from the influx of natural pollutants into the environment in a controlled manner. Most often than not, the causative agents of the natural pollution are caused by natural effects such as volcanic ash arising from volcano eruptions. In Nigeria natural pollution of volcanic ash are not known to have occurred, however, harmattan dust eruption are rampant in the country especially in the northern part of the country. These harmattan dust are known to cause heavy visibility as well as other health issues in the locality where they occur.
Human Induced Pollution arises from human activities induced pollutants. These pollutants are of varying types, and they cause different types of pollutions. In Nigeria, one the most predominant type of pollutant is the indiscriminate of plastic waste, oil spillage and industrial waste. These pollutants have caused environment and health challenges in many Nigerian cities. The plastic pollutants and the industrial waste are more predominant across major cities in the country, while the oil spillage is synonymous with southern Nigeria where activities of oil exploration is at peak.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Let's look at with pollution from waste, a topic that often goes unnoticed in our daily lives. But make no mistake, the way we handle waste plays a significant role in the climate crises we face. In this lesson, we delve into the intricacies of waste management and pollution, unveiling their disguises and revealing the impact they have on our beloved Nigeria.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Our modern world, filled with convenience and consumption, has given birth to a mounting waste problem. Landfills overflow with discarded items, plastics choke our rivers and oceans, and the burning of waste releases harmful gases into the atmosphere. These actions contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and further exacerbate climate change.
To tackle this menace, we must have a fundamental shift in our mindset – embracing the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle.
By being conscious consumers, we can minimise waste by choosing products with less packaging, opting for reusable items, and repairing instead of replacing.
Recycling also plays a vital role in waste management. Separating our recyclables from the rest of our waste ensures that valuable materials can be transformed into new products, reducing the need for raw materials and the energy required for extraction and manufacturing. Let's become recycling champions, sorting our plastics, glass, paper, and metals into the appropriate bins with pride.
Yet, waste management extends beyond our individual actions. It requires collective effort and systemic change. We must demand better waste management systems from our governments and advocate for policies that prioritise sustainability. Supporting initiatives that promote composting, waste-to-energy technologies, and the circular economy can revolutionize how we handle waste, transforming it from a problem into an opportunity.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Air pollution casts a dark cloud over our cities, impacting the quality of the air we breathe. Major examples of Air pollution as it relates to the Nigeria ecosystem includes but not limited to the following:
- High levels of particulate matter (PM) and harmful gases emitted from vehicular exhaust (cars) in major cities like Lagos, Port Harcourt and Abuja contribute to air pollution and respiratory health issues.
- Gas flaring in the Niger Delta region releases pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and black carbon, significantly impacting air quality and human health.
- Emissions from industrial activities, including manufacturing and power generation, contribute to air pollution in areas with significant industrial presence, such as Port Harcourt. Recently, the city of Port Harcourt has continued to experience the high presence of black soot in its atmosphere owing to activities of illegal bunkers.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Water pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater, making the water unfit for its intended use and posing risks to aquatic life and human health. Water pollution is mostly in cities and riverine areas of the country. The predominant examples of water pollution in the country includes but not limited to the following:
- Oil spills and illegal oil bunkering activities in the Niger Delta region have led to significant water pollution, impacting local communities, aquatic ecosystems, and the livelihoods of fishing communities.
- Improper disposal of domestic waste, industrial waste and chemicals, as well as inadequate wastewater treatment, contribute to water pollution in urban areas, particularly in densely populated regions like Lagos, Aba, Abuja and other major cities. \
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
Agriculture
Now, let's turn our attention to agriculture, where the seeds of change are planted. You might not know this, but certain farming practices can release potent greenhouse gases. For instance, when farmers burn crop residues after harvest or use excessive fertilizers, it releases gases like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases have a knack for trapping heat in the atmosphere, making climate change worse.
So, how can we lend a hand? By supporting sustainable farming techniques! Encouraging farmers to adopt practices like using organic fertilizers, practicing crop rotation, and minimising the burning of crop residues, we can reduce emissions and grow a greener future.
The role of deforestation in climate change
Now, let's look at the topic of deforestation. Trees are our planet's guardians, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing life-giving oxygen. But when we cut down trees for activities like logging, agriculture, or urbanization, we release all that stored carbon back into the atmosphere. It's like removing a superhero's shield, leaving us vulnerable to the harmful effects of climate change. So, what can we do to protect our green warriors? Plant trees, engage in tree-planting initiatives, support reforestation projects, and embrace the beauty of nature. Let's grow a forest of hope and reverse the effects of deforestation.
Lesson 2: In what ways do we contribute to climate crises in Nigeria
We have the power to reduce our own carbon footprints through everyday actions. Here are a few more tips to save the day:
- Supercharge your transportation choices: Consider using public transportation, biking, or walking whenever possible. If you do need to drive, choose fuel-efficient vehicles. Not only will you cut down on emissions, but you'll also save some cash on fuel. Talk about a win-win!
- Embrace the three R's: Reduce, reuse, and recycle like the superhero you are! By reducing our consumption, reusing items instead of throwing them away, and recycling whenever possible, we can give waste the knockout punch it deserves. Remember, landfills emit gases like methane, and we're here to put a stop to that!
- Fuel your body, not the waste bin: Did you know that food waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions? Shocking, but true. So, let's become food waste warriors! Plan your meals, buy only what you need, and get creative with leftovers. And when food scraps do come along, let composting be your secret weapon. It turns waste into valuable nourishment for the Earth.
- Savour the power of plants: Embrace the deliciousness of plant-based meals, by reducing our consumption of meat and supporting local, sustainable agriculture, we can lower emissions associated with the food industry. So, let your taste buds dance to the rhythm of vibrant vegetables, tantalizing fruits, and hearty legumes. Not only will your plate be a colorful masterpiece, but you'll also be reducing the environmental impact of food production. Talk about a tasty way to fight climate change!
- Unleash your inner energy hero: Save energy like it's your superpower! Turn off lights when you leave a room, unplug electronics when they're not in use, and embrace the natural light of the sun whenever possible. And hey, if you want to take it up a notch, upgrade your home with energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs. Your utility bills will thank you, and the planet will too!
- Be a conscious consumer: As climate superheroes, we have the power to support companies that prioritise sustainability. Look for eco-friendly products, support local businesses, and choose brands that are committed to reducing their carbon footprint. By voting with our wallets, we send a powerful message that we demand a greener and more sustainable future.
Reflection
We have come to the end of Lesson 2!
Reflect on your personal contribution to climate change. Are there any habits or practices you can change to reduce your impact?
Action Point: Identify one action you can take to reduce your personal contribution to climate change and commit to implementing it in your daily life.