Gandhi's Philosophy and Buddhism - Part I
Overview
Mahatma Gandhi and Buddha share principles that resonate across time and cultures. In this article, the first in the series we explore four principles that are common between the two.
Mahatma Gandhi and Buddha share principles that resonate across time and cultures. In this article the first in the series we explore four principles that are common between the two.
Non-Violence, Ahimsa: Both Gandhi and Buddha emphasized, ahimsa. Although the intensity and circumstances in which they faced violence were different, they believed in the peaceful resolution of disagreements. Among several two quotes from Gandhi about non-violence:
Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.
This quote is from a speech Gandhi gave at the opening of the Non-Violence Training Camp at Wardha on July 10, 1940.
Non-violence is not a passive state, but the most active and powerful of all. It requires the strength and courage of the lion, but at the same time the tenderness and gentleness of the lamb.
This quote is from a speech Gandhi gave at the Kingsley Hall in London on October 17, 1931, during his visit to England for the Second Round Table Conference
Buddha’s teachings also advocated non-violence. His path to enlightenment involved avoiding harm to all living beings. The Dhammapada is a collection of the verses of the Buddha, verse 129 says:
All tremble at violence ....Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill.
Truth and Honesty, Satya: Gandhi’s commitment to truth and honesty, satya aligned with Buddha’s emphasis on right speech. Both believed in living authentically and adhering to moral integrity. Gandhi famously said, “Truth is God,” echoing the Buddha’s teachings on truthfulness.
Self-Discipline, Brahmacharya: The word Brahmacharya has two root words - Brh implies greatness; Brahma refers to the supreme creator. Charya means to follow, to conduct oneself in a particular way. Therefore, Brahmacharya means to conduct oneself consistent with Brahma, to follow the way of the Brahma. Gandhi practiced brahmacharya in thought, word, and action. Buddha’s teachings also emphasized self-control and moderation. Both recognized the power of inner discipline for personal growth. Aside: Brahmacharya in common usage implies celibacy, however the real meaning expands several aspects of life.
Brahmacharya is the search for Brahman.....It is a way of life. It is the control of all the senses in thought, word and deed. It is the supreme means to the realization of God. It is the greatest penance. It is the highest yoga. It is the ultimate truth. It is the essence of all religions. It is the key to peace and happiness. It is the law of life.
This quote is from a speech Gandhi gave at the Kingsley Hall in London on October 17, 1931, during his visit to England for the Second Round Table Conference. He titled this speech “My Spiritual Message”. It is a clear audio recording of his voice. It can be heard at Gandhi's Kingsley Hall Address - KarmaTube
Practicing Self Discipline is mentioned in several places in the Pali Cannon. In the Vinaya Pitaka, the rules and discipline of the sangha (monastic life) are written. Buddhas discourses are written in the Sutta Pitaka, self control, ethical behaviour and right conduct are mentioned. In Buddhas first discourse, Dhamma Chakka Pavattana Sutta, right action and right livelihood are mentioned. Lastly the Abhidhamma Pitaka delves into the philosophical and psychological analysis – his teachings on mindfulness, mental purification and ethical intentions align with the principles of self discipline.
Non-Possession, Aparigraha: Gandhi advocated non-possession (aparigraha) and living a simple life. Buddha renounced material possessions and taught detachment from worldly desires. Both believed in the freedom that comes from letting go of attachments. The Pali word for non-attachment or desire towards worldly existence is alobha. Another complimentary term is nekkhamma, it means renunciation from worldly desires and living a holy life.
Alobha is one of the three virtues, the other two are non-hatred adosa, and amoha devoid of delusion.
In the next article, we shall explore other aspects of Gandhi’s philosophy and it’s alignment with Buddhist practices.