Chapter 1 Reading Guide
Overview
This resource is intended to be used as for guided note-taking by students as they read the text.
Open Stax Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Reading Guide
1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
________________________________ is the scientific study of the body’s structures.
Anatomy areas of specialization
________________________ is the study of the structures visible to the naked eye.
_________________________ is the study of structures visible with magnification
__________________________ studies structures in each region of the body, i.e., abdomen
_______________________________ studies structures associated with a given body system, i.e., cardiovascular system
_______________________________ is the study of the physics and chemistry of the body.
___________________________ is the steady-state condition under which the body operates.
1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
A _________________ is the basic functional unit of the human body
Cells are made up of smaller parts called _____________________.
Organelles are made up of ____________________, which are made up of ___________.
________________ are groups of cells that work together for a common function.
______________________ are discrete structures made up of two or more tissue types.
__________________________ are groups of organs that work together for common functions.
______________________ is the highest level of function. It is a living being that that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life.
- _________________________
- Cells are organized into discrete compartments.
- Body cells are kept separate from the external environment
- Internal fluids are separate from microorganisms that can cause harm.
- Cell membranes maintain the internal environment of cells.
- Blood vessels maintain a closed circulatory system
- _____________________
- The chemical reactions that sustain life.
- _______________________________ – the chemical reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones. These reactions require energy.
- _____________________________ – The breakdown of complex compounds into simpler ones, tend to release energy.
1.3 Functions of Human Life
- ___________________________ – the body reacts to changes in the external and internal environments.
- ______________________________ – movement of muscles, the flow of blood through the circulatory system, moving of air in and out of the lungs.
- ______________________________ – the total of changes that a body goes through in its life.
- _______________________ – cells become specialized for a given function
- _________________________ – the increase in size due to cell division and enlargement
- _______________________ – the formation of offspring
1.4 Requirements for Human Life
- _____________________________ – A vital component of the chemical reactions that produce ATP, which is needed to keep the body alive.
- _____________________________ – any substance in a food or beverage that the body needs to maintain life.
- ____________________ – the universal solvent of biological chemistry
- __________________________________ such as carbohydrates and fats.
- __________________________ supply amino acids which are the building blocks of the body.
- Water, the energy-yielding nutrients, and proteins are referred to as ____________________________
- ___________________________ – are the vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities, and participate in important metabolic reactions
- ________________________________________ means that the chemical reactions that make life possible occur around 37◦C.
- ____________________________________ can cause enzymes to denature and stop metabolism.
- _______________________________ (hypothermia) can slow down the reactions of life to a point where death occurs.
- __________________________________________
- ________________________ is the force of air molecules pushing against the human body.
- The ability to breath depends upon precise atmospheric pressure.
1.5 Homeostasis
- ___________________________________ is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the external environment.
- The body must continuously monitor its internal environment.
- Each physiological function has its _____________________ (a physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates).
- A _________________________________ is the restricted set of values that is optimal for normal body function.
- Control centers in the body measure and react to deviations in homeostasis by using negative feedback.
- _________________________________ – is a mechanism that maintains normal parameters of physiological function inside the body.
- Components of a negative feedback system
- _________________ – monitors the physiological value
- _________________ – compares the measured value to the normal range
- __________________ – causes a change back to the normal range.
- ____________________________ – intensifies a physiological change rather than reversing it.
- Labor contractions in childbirth and blood clotting
1.6 Anatomical Terminology
- ________________________________ a standardized way to view the human body.
- The body is standing upright, feet pointing forward, palms facing the front.
- _________________ – the body is lying face up
- __________________ – the body is lying face down.
- Regional terms – describe specific parts of the body (see next slide)
- Directional terms
- ________________ (or ventral) – towards the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
- ________________ (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
- ________________ (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
- ________________ (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper, near, or toward the tail. (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
- ________________ describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.
- ________________ describes the middle or direction toward the center of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.
- ________________ describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
- ________________l describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.
- ________________ describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
- ________________ describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.
- Body Sections and Planes
- A ________________ is a 2D view of a 3D section that has been cut.
- A ________________ is an imaginary 2D surface that passes through the body.
- ________________ – A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into a right and left side.
- ________________ – runs down the midline of the body and divides the body into equal right and left sides.
- ________________ – divides the body into unequal left and right sides
- ________________– A vertical plane that divides the body into a front (anterior) and rear (posterior) portions.
- ________________– A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.
- Body Cavities and Serous Membranes
- Dorsal and Ventral Cavities
- ________________consists of the________________and ________________ cavities.
- ________________consists of the ________________ (pleural and pericardial cavities), and ________________ (abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity).
- Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Cavity There are (a) nine abdominal regions and (b) four abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity.
- This technique promotes clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient’s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass.
- Anterior Body Cavity Serous Membranes
- Provide cushioning and reduce friction for internal organs
- ________________– line the pleural cavities, one surrounds each lung.
- ________________ – serous membranes that surround the heart and line the pericardial cavity.
- ________________ surrounds the peritoneal cavity and encloses several abdominal organs
Chapter 1 Lecture Notes: An Introduction to the Human Body