Pegaspargase: A review in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Designed to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, or ALL, pegaspargase is an important and effective treatment option for both paediatric and adult patients. Pegaspargase is a modified form of the anti-ALL enzyme therapy L -asparaginase, derived mainly from E. coli . Unlike the native enzyme, pegaspargase is conjugated with polyethylene glycol , or pegylated—which offers various advantages, such as providing pegaspargase with a prolonged circulation time, allowing for less frequent administration - every two weeks. And it may reduce immunogenicity compared with native (or non-pegylated) L-asparaginase. Extensive evidence shows that, in adults and children newly diagnosed with ALL, intramuscular or intravenous administration of pegaspargase is an effective first-line treatment as part of a multi-agent chemotherapy regimen. It is also beneficial in patients with relapsed ALL who have hypersensitivity to E. coli L-asparaginase..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

ADAM17 contributes to heart failure after heart attack by promoting loss of cardioprotective ACE2

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, can cause long-term damage that leads to heart failure. To treat this type of heart failure, it’s critical to heal the pathological structural changes in the heart and preserve cardiac function. A recent study investigated potential treatment targets by exploring the role of the enzyme ADAM17, whose levels are increased during MI. In a group of 152 patients with MI, high ADAM17 levels were associated with a greater incidence of subsequent heart failure, as well as poorer heart function and higher mortality, suggesting a negative role of ADAM17. In mice with MI, elevated ADAM17 levels were linked to heart damage, but blocking ADAM17 activity limited the cardiac damage and remodeling after MI. Experiments in cultured heart cells revealed that ADAM17 exerted its harmful effects by promoting loss of the cardioprotective enzyme ACE2 and that the activation of ADAM17 depended on modification of a specific site in the protein p38 MAPK..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Carbohydrate utilization by marine fungi in the global ocean

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "In terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, fungi are essential for nutrient cycling, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus into the soil. In contrast, in marine environments, fungi are often considered to be associated with debris and less essential to the element cycle than other microbes such as prokaryotes and phytoplankton. A recent study sought to better understand the role of open-sea, or pelagic, fungi in carbon cycling in the ocean. Using multi-omics techniques and existing genomic datasets, researchers performed a global analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) – key enzymes in carbon cycling – in ocean fungi. They found that pelagic fungi are active in carbohydrate degradation, as indicated by a high ratio of CAZyme transcripts..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

PROTEINS

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body.  Proteins are complex nitrogenous organic substances of plant and animal origin.  They are of great importance in the functioning of living cells  They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.  Apart from there essential food stuff like Carbohydrate and fats, they also provide very of therapeutically active compounds such as hormones, enzymes, sera, antitoxins.

Material Type: Lecture Notes

Author: Vikrant Arya

Biology I

An introduction to cellular and molecular biology. Major topics include the biochemical basis of life, cell biology, photosynthesis, respiration, mitosis, meiosis, genetics, DNA structure and replication and protein synthesis. Students engage the scientific method by designing, conducting and evaluating laboratory experiences that include selected topics in cell structure and function, enzymes, respiration, photosynthesis, genetics and molecular biology. NOTE: Students may receive credit for BIO 119 or BIO 126, but not for both.

Material Type: Full Course

Author: Amanda Hyde

General Biology Laboratory Manual

Course: Explores the structure, function and development of living systems from cells to ecosystems. Lab 1: Lab Safety and the Scientific Method. Lab 2: Scientific Measurements Lab 3: Macromolecules and Nutrition Lab 4: Enzymes. Lab 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab 6: Microscopes and Cells Lab 7: Microbes Lab 8: Microbe Analysis Lab 9: Analysis of DNA Lab 10: Plant Diversity Lab 11: Animal Diversity Lab 12: Ecology Lab 13: Senses

Material Type: Activity/Lab

Author: Dilek Sanver-Wang

Two possible ways to prevent hepatitis C infection from causing chronic liver disease

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus is a major cause of chronic liver disease, even after the virus has been eradicated by antiviral treatment. The problem appears to lie in the lingering activation of harmful Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which active viruses exploit for replication. A new study suggests the enzyme PKA could play a role. PKA is part of a signaling cascade that is activated during hepatitis C infection. To determine its role, researchers prevented PKA activation by treating cells with a PKA inhibitor. Inhibition was found to be beneficial. Inhibiting PKA reduced cells’ capacity to support both the hepatitis C virus and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as mediated by another enzyme, GSK-3β. Interestingly, similar benefits were observed when another harmful effect of viral infection was repressed, namely, endoplasmic reticulum stress..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

CAMKK2 regulates mitochondrial metabolism through succinate dehydrogenase

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Metabolic regulation is vital to maintaining energy balance throughout the body, and different cell types have different ways of maintaining this balance. CAMKK2 is an enzyme common to various cells that aids in breaking down glucose through cellular respiration, but the details of how CAMKK2 carries out that role in different cells remains unclear. To find out, researchers deleted the gene for CAMKK2 from human kidney and liver-derived cells. Deleting CAMKK2 significantly reduced cellular respiration in both cell types versus parental cells. However, isolated mitochondrial respiration increased in kidney cells but decreased in liver cells. Proteomic analysis traced this difference to translational and transcriptional changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). SDH is the only enzyme complex that participates in both the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Removing or overexpressing SDH subunit B in CAMKK2-deleted cells confirmed the functional link between SDH and CAMKK2..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

New insights into protein modifications during the maturation of bull sperm

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Spermatozoa are incredibly unique specialized cells—once they leave the testes, they do not transcribe genes or synthesize new proteins. So, the final step in their maturation, capacitation, is regulated via posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of existing proteins. To learn more, researchers recently examined the relationship between two types of PTMs in frozen bull sperm, specifically tyrosine phosphorylation and reversible oxidative PTMs (oxPTMs). The researchers also examined the role of PRDX enzymes, as their activity is closely related to reversible oxPTMs. Proteins that bind to the egg surface, called zona-pellucida binding proteins, were especially common among reversible oxPTM modified proteins, and proteins related to the tail, or flagella, were associated with all the analyzed PTM types. Inhibiting PRDX activity during capacitation caused an increase in reversible oxPTMs and a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as changes in the PTMs on several key proteins and enzymes..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Co-targeting WIP1 and PARP may be a novel hepatocellular carcinoma management strategy

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive, treatment-resistant liver cancer. One factor associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC and other cancers is elevated levels of the enzyme WIP1. WIP1 removes phosphate groups from other proteins and is involved in many potentially pathogenic processes. Researchers recently explored WIP1 as a target for HCC treatment. In both patient databases and cell culture experiments, WIP1 was consistently elevated in HCC cells compared to normal liver cells. Further experiments revealed that inhibiting WIP1 slowed cancer progression by increasing DNA damage in cancerous cells, thus killing them. With less WIP1 available, more of the key homologous recombination repair protein H2AX was phosphorylated and impaired, allowing damage to accumulate in HCC cells. Cells from cancers with impaired homologous recombination repair, like breast cancer, can be killed by inhibiting another enzyme, PARP..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Introductory Biology Laboratory Manual

This is a laboratory manual designed for an Introductory Biology Course. Topics covered include Data and Literature, Basic Scientific Skills, the Scientific Method, Macromolecules, Diffiusion and Osmosis, Enzymes, Microscopes and Cells, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis, The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis, Genetics and DNA Fingerprinting. Each lab has a pre-laboratory assignment and post-laboratory assignment for students to complete. Additional resources referenced in the lab are provided, as well as grading rubrics for every assignment and a Lab Instructor Manual that contains lab notes and results from the lab exercises. A recipe list for all reagents is also included. 

Material Type: Activity/Lab, Reading

Author: Laura Enzor

Unstructured regions of large enzymatic complexes control the availability of metabolites with signaling functions

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "The molecular mechanisms behind diseases and malignancies were once considered to follow a basic paradigm. Cells use a network of protein-protein interactions to detect environmental changes, signal the nucleus, and then trigger a response through changes in gene expression. Recent evidence, however, suggests the products of protein breakdown, rather than the proteins alone, could play an important role. A new review from the Kastritis Laboratory outlines how the fatty acid metabolites acetyl-CoA, α-ketoglutarate, and palmitic acid, in particular help orchestrate cell signaling and communication. These metabolites are regulated by large enzymatic complexes, or “metabolons”; acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate by the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and palmitic acid by fatty acid synthase..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Unfolding the Mystery of Life, Biology Lab Manual for Non-Science Majors

This laboratory manual is intended for use in a biology laboratory course taken by non-science majors, pre-biology, and pre-allied health majors. Laboratory exercises provide students with experience in basic laboratory skills, gathering and organizing data, measuring and calculating, hypothesis testing, analysis of data, writing, and laboratory safety. The skill sets are designed to promote the development of critical thought and analysis. Students work with living and preserved specimens, and laboratory reagents and equipment.

Material Type: Textbook

Authors: Ellen Genovesi, Laura Blinderman, Patrick Natale

Glyphosat

Als Wundermittel der Landwirtschaft ist das Unkrautvernichtungsmittel Glyphosat das weltweit am häufigsten eingesetzte Pestizid. Das Totalherbizid beseitigt nicht-selektiv alle Pflanzen, abgesehen von solchen, die vorher gentechnisch verändert wurden. Da es ein Enzym blockiert, welches nur in Pflanzen vorkommt, wurde lange davon ausgegangen, dass es keine Wirkung auf Tier, Mensch und Umwelt hat. Inzwischen wurde diese Annahme jedoch revidiert und kontrovers diskutiert. Negativfolgen des Glyphosateinsatzes sollen mithilfe dieser Arbeit veranschaulicht werden.

Material Type: Reading

Author: Helen Klöpfer

Inhibiting the protein SENP1 may help treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), stem cells in the lungs transform, or differentiate, into fibrous cells called myofibroblasts. Accumulation of these myofibroblasts causes lung scarring, which is progressive and eventually fatal. Myofibroblast differentiation is mediated by several proteins whose degradation is blocked by deSUMOylation, or removal of SUMO peptides, so targeting deSUMOylation to promote degradation of these proteins might help treat IPF. To explore this possibility, researchers recently examined the deSUMOylating enzyme SENP1 in patient tissues and mouse models. In human IPF tissues, myofibroblast differentiation of lung stem cells was accompanied by increased SENP1 expression and SENP1-mediated deSUMOylation. Similarly, in vitro, SENP1 expression was increased in mouse lung stem cells undergoing TGFβ1-induced differentiation..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

NACK and INT coordinately activate Notch-mediated transcription in tumorigenesis

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Transcriptional regulation is an important and complex process whose dysregulation can lead to disease. For example, aberrant activation of signaling involving the transcriptional activator Notch drives many processes in tumor formation. However, the exact mechanism by which Notch regulates transcription remains unclear. To find out more, researchers recently used various protein biochemistry and molecular biology approaches to analyze the composition and functions of the Notch supercomplex. They found that the INT complex is part of the Notch transcriptional supercomplex and works together with NACK to activate Notch-mediated transcription. Specifically, NACK is needed for recruitment of the transcribing enzyme RNAPII to Notch-dependent gene promoters, while the INT complex is needed for phosphorylation of RNAPII at serine 5, which induces transcription..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Ernährung, Stoffwechsel und Zellen › Projekt Graf

Teaching materials on the theme "Nutrition, Metabolism and cells".

Material Type: Textbook

Author: Dr. Hans-Udo Graf

A new ultra-high throughput screening technique detects human glycans degradation pathways in IBD

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Worldwide incidences of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are on the rise. In IBD, the mucus layer that separates the intestine from gut bacteria wears thin, creating the opportunity for microbial invasion. Understanding how bacteria behave at this critical junction could offer clues on how to combat IBD. But current exploration methods are limited by the tremendous amounts of substrates needed to screen thousands of reactions. A recent paper describes a new technique that miniaturizes and speeds up that process to boost the rate of discovery. This method encapsulates experiments into microfluidic droplets to screen enzymatic reactions. The proof-of-concept study searched for bacterial enzymes that can degrade host glycans. as the breakdown of host glycans can thin the mucus layer in IBD..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Anastasis: How cancer cells cheat death

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "Apoptosis is a form of cell death that occurs as part of normal development. Once considered irreversible, apoptosis might not mark the end for all cells—including cancer cells. Growing evidence suggests that cancer cells can be rescued from the brink of death through a process called anastasis, which could explain how tumors resist anticancer therapies. From the Greek for “resurrection,” anastasis can occur through a variety of mechanisms, such as by arresting the activity of caspases, enzymes in charge of dismantling the cell during apoptosis by activating DNA repair mechanisms and by allowing cell fragments to fuse and continue living even after apoptosis has begun. Further studies are needed to explore how cancer cells cheat death through anastasis and how to adjust anticancer therapies accordingly..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading

Early detection of myocardial impairment in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview: "A new report published in Arthritis & Rheumatology suggests that cardiovascular disease affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus much earlier than previously thought – in some cases even before active lupus sets in. The finding was reported by a team of researchers based in China who have been working on validating the use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect the early manifestations of cardiac impairment. With heart disease being the leading cause of death in patients with SLE, the ability to detect very early signs of cardiac dysfunction in this group could one day lay a foundation for enhanced preventive strategies. Traditional cardiac MRI approaches like late gadolinium enhancement don’t perform well in detecting early indications of heart disease, such as disturbances in myocardial extracellular volume. Missing these early warning signs could hide the fact that heart disease has set in and potentially complicate treatment efforts..." The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Material Type: Diagram/Illustration, Reading