Petroleum-based fuels like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and shipping fuel are all made from crude oil through the process of refining and make up almost 90% of the world’s transportation energy. These fuels contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change.

Petroleum-based fuels are high energy density fuels, both by weight and by volume, which makes them valuable for transportation (where you are carrying your fuel around with you).

Geothermal energy makes use of abundant natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface. Geothermal resources are accessible where the Earth’s crust is thin or faulted or near volcanic activity, which often occurs near tectonic plate boundaries. Geothermal energy is used for heating and electricity generation. Geothermal power plants are a source of 24/7 renewable electricity, unlike wind and solar which are variable and dependent on weather conditions.

Access to sustainable modern energy services is fundamental for economic growth and human development. It is one of the Sustainable Development Goals laid out in 2015 by the United Nations (SDG 7). Access considers two dimensions:

Electricity: Access advances education, health, productivity, security, comfort, and entertainment. It also facilitates higher-value economic opportunities.
Clean cooking fuels: Access improves the lives of women and children by dramatically reducing health impacts related to indoor air pollution, decreasing the exposure to risks associated with collecting traditional biomass, and increasing available time that can be devoted to other economic activities.
Energy access and consumption are highly related to the Human Development Index (HDI) that takes into account life expectancy, education, and health to measure a country’s well-being. A country’s fuel mix is also related to its level of development: less developed countries use a higher share of traditional biomass, while more developed countries use more electricity.

Nevertheless, a significant portion of the world population still does not have access to reliable electricity or clean cooking fuels, creating a challenge for equity in development opportunities.

The grid delivers electricity from generation points to demand centers. Supply and demand of electricity must be balanced in real-time to ensure system stability and reliability. The electric grid is a natural monopoly because it is most efficient for one operator to provide the service. To ensure consumers are not overcharged, grid operators are overseen by a regulator.

Stanford University professor Robert Sapolsky presents the course Human Behavioral Biology. He begins by explaining the premise of the course and how he aims to avoid categorical thinking. (March 29, 2010)

Human behavioral biology examines traits such as human sexual behavior, emotions memory, perception, and language from a biological perspective. It seeks to identify how human behavior is influenced by brain, sensory, hormone, fetal development and other biological influences.

Hydrogen is a versatile energy currency that can be produced from fossil fuels or water and that also occurs naturally in rocks underground. Hydrogen has very low energy density by volume but is extremely energy dense by weight. Hydrogen shows promise as a clean fuel for heavy-duty transportation, steel-making, heating, and energy storage. Today, the vast majority of produced hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. Renewable hydrogen can be created through electrolysis, the process of using electricity to create hydrogen from water, but it is more expensive.

Hydropower, also known as hydroelectricity, is a semi-renewable resource that uses the flow of water to generate electricity. There are two major approaches to generating electricity from hydropower: storage hydroelectric systems and run-of-river systems. Hydro can also be used to store electricity in systems called pumped storage hydropower.

Industry, which includes large-scale manufacturing and production processes to make products such as steel, cement, and chemicals, is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions from heavy industry, which often relies on fossil fuels to reach the high temperatures needed for many industrial processes, is challenging. Unlike the electricity sector, which already has economically viable solutions like wind and solar, the industry sector is still developing the technologies needed for cost-effective and scalable decarbonization. One solution is to use electrical technologies that can generate high temperatures, but this is often more expensive and has high upfront costs.

The three fossil fuels are oil, natural gas, and coal. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from deeply-buried, dead organic material subject to high temperature and pressure for hundreds of millions of years. They are a depletable, non-renewable energy resource.

Fossil fuel combustion (converting chemical energy into heat) powered the Industrial Revolution and is the largest contributor to climate change and air pollution. Significant infrastructure, economic value, geopolitical conflict, and legacy environmental issues are associated with fossil fuels.

Nuclear energy is a carbon-free and extremely energy dense resource that produces no air pollution. Nuclear reactions produce large amounts of energy in the form of heat. That heat can be used to power a steam turbine and generate electricity. There are 2 types of nuclear energy: nuclear fission (which is used today to produce electricity) and nuclear fusion (which is still in the research phase).

The term “renewable” encompasses a wide diversity of energy resources with varying economics, technologies, end uses, scales, environmental impacts, availability, and depletability. Key types of renewable energy resources include energy efficiency, solar, wind, hydropower, ocean, geothermal, and biomass. The use of renewable energy resources globally has been increasing rapidly. Most renewable energy resources have significantly lower environmental and climate impacts than their fossil fuel counterparts.

This paper points out three different ways that language is involved in the standards: language requirements in the content standards, English language arts standards, and language-convention-specific standards. It calls for a thoughtful integration of these three dimensions.The authors also frame language in the context of the Common Core, focusing on what students can accomplish using language rather than on whether or how students use specific language features. This broader definition encourages the development of cognitive, linguistic, and affective strengths in ELLs and gives students the opportunity to take valuable actions toward academic success.

This paper makes recommendations for developing mathematics instruction for English Language Learners (ELLs) aligned with the Common Core State Standards. The recommendations can guide teachers, curriculum developers, and teacher educators as they develop their own ways of supporting mathematical reasoning and sense-making for ELLs.Some instructional recommendations discussed in the paper include: Focus on ELL students' mathematical reasoning, not the correctness of their mathematical language use. Shift to a focus on mathematical discourse practices; move away from simplified views of language. Support ELL students as they engage in complex mathematical language. Use ELL students' language and experiences as resources. Provide professional development to enhance teachers' awareness of ways to support ELs as they develop both language and mathematical knowledge.

Natural gas (NG) is the most versatile and fastest-growing fossil fuel—used in all areas of the economy (industrial, residential, commercial, and transportation). It is a depletable, non-renewable resource composed primarily of methane gas (CH4), with smaller amounts of natural gas liquids, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor. While natural gas is the cleanest-burning fossil fuel, it still produces CO2 when combusted. And because natural gas is primarily methane, it is itself a very potent greenhouse gas when it is emitted to the atmosphere uncombusted.

Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a large atom into two smaller atoms and releasing a LOT of heat. That heat is used to boil water, make steam, turn a turbine and generator, and produce electricity. Most nuclear power plants today are fueled by enriched uranium 235 to produce non-renewable, carbon-free, 24/7 electricity. The byproducts of nuclear fission are highly radioactive and must be secured away from people for hundreds of thousands of years.

Nuclear fusion has the potential to be an extremely energy dense and carbon-free energy resource that does not produce air pollution or radioactive waste. However, while nuclear fusion happens continuously in (and even powers) the sun, making nuclear fusion happen on earth is extremely challenging (think about putting the sun in a box). Currently, fusion is in the research phase and is not commercially viable. Nuclear fusion occurs when nuclei from two or more atoms are forced together and fuse to form a single larger nucleus, releasing lots of energy and heat. That heat would then be used to generate electricity.

Ocean energy, also known as marine energy or hydrokinetic energy, is an abundant renewable energy resource that uses ocean water to generate electricity. The form of energy takes advantage of ocean tides, waves, or the temperature difference between the surface and deep ocean. The majority of ocean energy technologies are still in research and development. While the potential of ocean energy is great, it faces significant technological, environmental, and financial challenges and has low levels of investment.

Oil is the most-used energy resource worldwide and provides more than 90% of global transportation energy. Because the majority of oil is produced by a limited number of countries, securing access to this resource has significant geopolitical consequences.

Government agencies frequently contract with nonprofit or for-profit organizations to provide services to improve the well-being of their clients―for example, by reducing recidivism, homelessness, or drug use. Governments have traditionally paid service providers on the basis of the number of clients they treat.
The past decade has seen a number of Pay for Success (PFS) or results-based finance (RBF) programs, in which service providers are paid for their outcomes or results. For example, whereas a government agency contracting with a service provider to reduce recidivism among young men released from prison would traditionally have paid the service provider for the hours spent counseling a client, a PFS contract pays the organization for success in reducing the clients’ rate of recidivism from some baseline.
This handbook is written for government officials considering the adoption of Pay For Success (PFS) programs and for students in public policy and business schools interested in studying outcomes-oriented government contracts for services. Part One introduces concepts necessary to develop and operate a service delivery program and then surveys some of the issues specific to PFS. Part Two presents two detailed case studies and a number of shorter descriptions of PFS programs. Part Three focuses on the components of PFS programs; it also discusses barriers to their development and ways of overcoming them.

This unit shows instructional approaches that are likely to help ELLs meet new standards in English Language Arts. Built around a set of famous persuasive speeches, the unit supports students in reading a range of complex texts. It invites them to write and speak in a variety of ways and for different audiences and purposes. Students engage in close reading of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech, Aristotleí˘ä‰ĺ䋢s Three Appeals, Robert Kennedyí˘ä‰ĺ䋢s On the Assassination of Martin Luther King, and George Wallaceí˘ä‰ĺ䋢s The Civil Rights Movement: Fraud, Sham, and Hoax, Barbara Jordaní˘ä‰ĺ䋢s All Together Now. The five lesson culminate with student's constructing their own persuasive texts.