In this episode of Crash Course, Hank introduces you to the complex …
In this episode of Crash Course, Hank introduces you to the complex history and terminology of Anatomy & Physiology.
Chapters: Introduction History of Anatomy Physiology: How Parts Function Complementarity of Structure & Function Hierarchy of Organization Directional Terms Review Credits
We continue our look at your bones and skeletal system, skipping over …
We continue our look at your bones and skeletal system, skipping over the silly kid's song in favor of a more detailed look at your axial and appendicular skeleton. This episode also talks about the structural and functional classifications of your joints and the major types of body movement that they facilitate.
Hank describes the structure and function of your lymphatic system and how …
Hank describes the structure and function of your lymphatic system and how it supports your cardiovascular and immune systems. He'll explain how your lymphatic system collects, filters, and returns interstitial fluid back into your bloodstream, and how your lymph nodes and lymph organs activate your immune system to fight off infections.
Chapters: Introduction: Airport Security The Lymphatic System Structure Origins of the Lymphatic System: Capillary Beds Lymphatic Vessels What Does the Lymphatic System Do? Lymph Nodes Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALTs) Review
Metabolism is a complex process that has a lot more going on …
Metabolism is a complex process that has a lot more going on than personal trainers and commercials might have you believe. Today we are exploring some of its key parts, including vital nutrients -- such as water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, and proteins -- as well as how anabolic reactions build structures and require energy, while catabolic reactions tear things apart and release energy.
If you're like us, you love the sound of a brunch buffet. …
If you're like us, you love the sound of a brunch buffet. But not everything you eat at that glorious buffet is going to be turned into energy. Your body has to work with different forms of food in different ways. In this episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank takes us through more about our metabolism including cellular respiration, ATP, glycogenesis, and how insulin regulates our blood sugar levels.
Chapters: Introduction: Brunch Buffets Cellular Respiration Absorptive State Basal Metabolic Rate Insulin Regulates Blood Glucose Levels Lipoproteins: LDL and HDL Cholesterol Postabsorptive State Insulin & Diabetes Review Credits
We're kicking off our exploration of muscles with a look at the …
We're kicking off our exploration of muscles with a look at the complex and important relationship between actin and myosin. Your smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles create movement by contracting and releasing in a process called the sliding filament model. Your skeletal muscles are constructed like a rope made of bundles of protein fibers, and the smallest strands are your actin and myosin myofilaments. It's their use of calcium and ATP that causes the binding and unbinding that makes sarcomeres contract and relax.
Chapters: Introduction: Muscle Love Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscle Tissues Structure of Skeletal Muscles Protein Rules Sarcomeres Are Made of Myofilaments: Actin & Myosin Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction Review Credits
Hank calls in a friend to do his push-ups for him today …
Hank calls in a friend to do his push-ups for him today to explain how skeletal muscles work together to create and reverse movements. Hank and Claire also demonstrate the role size plays in motor units, the three-phase cycle of muscle twitches, and how the strength and frequency of an impulse affect the strength and duration of a contraction. This episode also explains twitch summation, tetanus, and isotonic vs. isometric movements.
Chapters: Introduction: Heavy Lifting How Muscles Push & Pull Functional Muscle Groups: Prime Movers, Antagonists, and Synergists Motor Units 3 Phases of Muscle Twitches: Latent, Contraction, Relaxation Graded Muscle Responses Temporal Summation vs Tetanus Multiple Motor Unit Summation (Recruitment) The Size Principle of Recruitment Isotonic vs Isometric Movements Review Credits
Today Hank kicks off our look around MISSION CONTROL: the nervous system. …
Today Hank kicks off our look around MISSION CONTROL: the nervous system.
Chapters: Introduction: Hank's Morning Routine Nervous System Functions: Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output Organization of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Neurons & Glial Cells Central Nervous System Glial Cells: Astrocytes, Microglial, Ependymal, and Oligodendrocytes Peripheral Nervous System Glial Cells: Satellite and Schwann Cool Neuron Facts! Neuron Structure Classifying Neuron Structures: Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar Classifying Neuron Functionality: Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent), Interneurons (Association) Review Credits
What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, …
What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.
Chapters: Introduction: What do Neurons Do? Your Body is a Sack of Batteries How Electricity Works Inside Your Nervous System Sodium-Potassium Pump Types of Ion Channels: Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated, and Mechanically-Gated Graded Potential vs. Action Potential Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization Refractory Period Review Credits
We continue our tour of the nervous system by looking at synapses …
We continue our tour of the nervous system by looking at synapses and the crazy stuff cocaine does to your brain.
Chapters: Introduction: What are Synapses? Electrical vs Chemical Synapses How Electrical Synapses Work: Gap Junctions How Chemical Synapses Work: Neurotransmitters How Neurotransmitters Work How Cocaine Works Review Credits
This week we are looking at your parasympathetic division, which is the …
This week we are looking at your parasympathetic division, which is the "resting and digesting" unit. Unfortunately, learning about this de-stressing division also involves a whole lot of memorization. Don't worry, though - we've got some mnemonic devices to help you out!
Chapters: Introduction: Parasympathetic Nervous System Comparing Structures of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems What Do Cranial Nerves Do? The 12 Cranial Nerves Mnemonics & Memory Tips for Studying the 12 Cranial Nerves Vagus Nerve The Autonomic Nervous System & Sex Review Credits
It is now time to meet the system that helps your brain …
It is now time to meet the system that helps your brain stay in touch with the outside world. We follow up last week's tour of the central nervous system with a look at your peripheral nervous system, its afferent and efferent divisions, how it processes information, the reflex arc, and what your brain has to say about pain.
Chapters: Introduction: Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Nerve Receptors: Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, and Nociceptors What is Pain? How Pain is Processed Pain Threshold vs Pain Tolerance How the Brain Processes Pain Afferent and Efferent Divisions Five Steps of the Reflex Arc What the Brain Says About Pain Review Credits
Human reproduction is complicated and important, and it's going to take a …
Human reproduction is complicated and important, and it's going to take a four-part series for us to cover it. Today, we're kicking that off with the female reproductive system, starting with how sex hormones affect oogenesis and ovulation, continuing through how the ovarian and menstrual cycles mature and release oocytes, and creating a comfy uterine environment for a fertilized egg.
Chapters: Introduction: Human Reproduction External Female Reproductive Organs Ovaries Structure & Function Ovarian Follicles and Oogenesis The Ovarian Cycle Fallopian Tubes The Uterus The Menstrual Cycle Review
Our month-long exploration of human reproduction continues with a look at testicular …
Our month-long exploration of human reproduction continues with a look at testicular anatomy, the steps of sperm production, and how it’s influenced by gonadotropin and testosterone. Hank also explains how sperm mature, and how they leave the body on a tide of glandular secretions during ejaculation.
Chapters: Introduction Testicular Anatomy Spermiogenesis How Sperm Mature and Leave the Body Male Reproductive Glands: Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, Bulbo-urethral External Male Reproductive Anatomy Review
After weeks of discussion of human reproduction, today we arrive at the …
After weeks of discussion of human reproduction, today we arrive at the main event: THE SEX. Hank explains the four phases of the human sexual response, how fertilization happens, and how different contraceptive methods work.
Chapters: Introduction Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Cycles Fertilization Contraceptive Methods Review
We've reached the grand finale of our four-part series on human reproduction: …
We've reached the grand finale of our four-part series on human reproduction: BABIES! Today Hank walks you through the stages of pregnancy, beginning with how a zygote develops into blastomeres to a morula to a blastocyst, and finally to an embryo and a fetus. He also explains some of the amazing anatomical changes that take place in the mother and the hormonal sequence of events that lead to labor.
Chapters: Introduction: How Did You Get Here? Cleavage Stage: Zygote, Blastomeres, Morula, Blastocyst Implantation The Placenta Embryonic Stage Female Anatomical Changes During Pregnancy Hormonal Sequences Leading to Labor Stages of Labor: Dilation, Expulsion, Placental Delivery Review
So we all know that breathing is pretty important, right? Today we're …
So we all know that breathing is pretty important, right? Today we're going to talk about how it works, starting with the nameless evolutionary ancestor that we inherited this from, continuing to the mechanics of both simple diffusion and bulk flow, as well as the physiology of breathing, and finishing with the anatomy of both the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of your respiratory system.
Chapters: Introduction: The First Air-Breathers Simple Diffusion Bulk Flow Mechanics of Breathing Anatomy of the Conducting Zone Anatomy of Respiratory Zone Review Credits
Can a paper bag really help you when you are hyperventilating? It …
Can a paper bag really help you when you are hyperventilating? It turns out that it can. In part 2 of our look at your respiratory system, Hank explains how your blood cells exchange oxygen and CO2 to maintain homeostasis. We'll dive into partial pressure gradients, and how they, along with changes in blood temperature, acidity, and CO2 concentrations, change how hemoglobin binds to gases in your blood. (And yes, we'll explain the paper bag thing too!)
Chapters: Introduction: Hyperventilation How Blood Cells Exchange Oxygen and CO2 Partial Pressure Gradients How Hemoglobin Binds to Gases in the Blood Why Breathing into a Paper Bag Works Review Credits
Today Hank explains the skeletal system and why astronauts Scott Kelly and …
Today Hank explains the skeletal system and why astronauts Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko are out in space studying it. He talks about the anatomy of the skeletal system, including the flat, short, and irregular bones, and their individual arrangements of compact and spongy bone. He'll also cover the microanatomy of bones, particularly the osteons and their inner lamella. And finally, he will introduce the process of bone remodeling, which is carried out by crews of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
Chapters: Introduction: Astronaut Bones Structure of the Skeletal System: Axial & Appendicular Bones Bone Shapes: Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular Internal Bone Structure Osteons and Their Lamellae Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Bone Remodeling: Resorption & Apoptosis Review Credits
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