Hank takes you on a tour of your two-part autonomic nervous system. …
Hank takes you on a tour of your two-part autonomic nervous system. This episode explains how your sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system work together as foils, balancing each other out. Their key anatomical differences - where nerve fibers originate and where their ganglia are located - drive their distinct anatomical functions, making your sympathetic nervous system the "fight or flight" while your parasympathetic nervous system is for "resting and digesting."
Chapters: Introduction: Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Origins - Comparing the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Ganglia - Comparing the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Axon Lengths - Comparing the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Review Credits
Now that we've talked about your blood vessels, we're going to zoom …
Now that we've talked about your blood vessels, we're going to zoom in a little closer and talk about your blood itself. We'll start by outlining the basic components of blood -- including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma -- as well as the basic process of hemostasis that stops bleeding, and how antigens are responsible for the blood type that you have. By the end of this episode, you should be totally prepared for your next blood drive.
Chapters: Introduction: Let's Talk Blood How Blood Donation Works Blood Components: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, and Plasma Plasma - Electrolytes Plasma Proteins Hemostasis: How Bleeding Works Antigens & Blood Types Review Credits
It's time to start talking about some of the terrible things you …
It's time to start talking about some of the terrible things you can do to your own body, like blood doping. We'll start by explaining the structure and function of your erythrocytes, and of hemoglobin, which they use to carry oxygen. We'll follow the formation and life cycle of a red blood cell, including how its levels are regulated by EPO and its signaling molecules. We'll wrap up by looking at how blood doping works and how it is truly a recipe for disaster.
Chapters: Introduction: Blood is Powerful Stuff Form and Function of Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Hemoglobin Formation of a Red Blood Cell: Hematopoiesis How Erythropoietin (EPO) Regulates Blood Oxygen Levels How Red Blood Cells Die Don't Dope Your Blood! Review Credits
Now that we've discussed blood, we're beginning our look at how it …
Now that we've discussed blood, we're beginning our look at how it gets around your body. Today Hank explains your blood vessels and their basic three-layer structure of your blood vessels. We're also going over how those structures differ slightly in different types of vessels. We will also follow the flow of blood from your heart to the capillaries in your right thumb, and all the way back to your heart again.
Chapters: Introduction: The Circulatory System Blood Vessel Structure: Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa Types of Blood Vessels Capillaries Structure & Function How Blood Flows From Capillaries to the Heart Review Credits
And now we return to blood vessels. In this episode, we start …
And now we return to blood vessels. In this episode, we start discussing what blood pressure is, how it can become "high", and what that means for our health. One of the more interesting points is that your body has ways of dealing with high blood pressure, but they're not ways we want our bodies to operate on a full-time basis. And why can't we butter our bacon? WHY!?!?!
Chapters: Introduction: High Blood Pressure Cardiac Output - How Blood Flows Blood Pressure & Resistance Blood Flow Formula Short Term Blood Pressure Regulation Long Term Blood Pressure Regulation Chronic High Blood Pressure Review Credits
Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode, we'll …
Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode, we'll explore how your brain develops and how important location is for each of your brain's many functions.
Chapters: Introduction: Broca's Aphasia Central Nervous System Structure & Function Brain Development: Neural Tube Brain Development: 3 Primary Vesicles Brain Development: 5 Secondary Vesicles Brain Development: Major Adult Brain Regions Brain Development: Cerebellum & Brain Stem Brain Development: Reptilian Brain Brain Development: Cerebral Hemispheres The Brain's Lobes Review Credits
Welcome to Crash Course Office Hours! Is the heart an organ? How …
Welcome to Crash Course Office Hours! Is the heart an organ? How does the nervous system work? In this livestream, Hank Green and Brandon Jackson answer the questions you submitted and talk about the best ways to study anatomy & physiology.
Chapters: Introduction Is the heart a muscle or an organ? How are skin cells organized through the layers of the skin? Neurotransmitters, action potential, gated channels, and the process of muscle contraction What's the best way to remember bone landmarks? How to read an ECG Tips for studying A&P #1 - learning the root words Tips for studying A&P #2 - how to use flashcards Tips for studying A&P #3 - learning by teaching What happens when a muscle cramps? Tricks for remembering the veins and arteries Outro
Nachos are delicious. And versatile because today they're also going to help …
Nachos are delicious. And versatile because today they're also going to help us learn a thing or two about your digestive system. Nachos can provide us with energy and raw materials, by first ingesting something nutritious, propelling it through the alimentary canal where it will be mechanically broken down, and chemically digested by enzymes until my cells can absorb their monomers and use them to make whatever they need. And eventually, there will be pooping.
Chapters: Introduction: Why We Eat Food Digestive System: Your Body's Disassembly Line Structure of the Digestive System Ingestion Propulsion Mechanical Breakdown Digestion Absorption Defecation Review Credits
Nearly 200 years ago, Alexis St. Martin was shot in the stomach. …
Nearly 200 years ago, Alexis St. Martin was shot in the stomach. He was saved by local army doctor William Beaumont but had to live out his remaining years with a gaping hole in the stomach -- allowing Beaumont to learn a lot about how human digestion works. So today we're going to walk you through that process. We'll cover how mechanical and chemical digestion starts in the mouth and continues in the stomach, where it’s pummeled by acids and enzymes and turned into chyme. We will also go over the stomach’s cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestive regulation.
Chapters: Introduction: Alexis St. Martin's Stomach Hole Digestion Starts in the Mouth The Stomach Stomach Acid Phases of Digestive Regulation: Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal The Mind-Stomach Connection Review Credits
Nachos are great...if you are among the lucky ones whose bodies can …
Nachos are great...if you are among the lucky ones whose bodies can digest them. When digestion goes according to plan, the small intestine performs most of your chemical digestion in the duodenum, while accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas contribute enzymes that all but finish the job. Then your large intestine, which is actually shorter than the small intestine, tries to extract the last bit of nutrition, including the occasional attempt to turn nachos into energy, which for most humans, ends in gassy failure.
Chapters: Introduction: Lactose Intolerance The Small Intestine Parts of the Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum The Duodenum The Liver The Gallbladder The Pancreas The Large Intestine Why Nachos Might Make You Gassy How Do We Poop? Review Credits
Hank begins teaching you about your endocrine system by explaining how it …
Hank begins teaching you about your endocrine system by explaining how it uses glands to produce hormones. These hormones are either amino-acid based and water soluble, or steroidal and lipid-soluble, and may target many types of cells or just turn on specific ones. He will also touch on hormone cascades, and how the HPA axis affects your stress response.
Chapters: Introduction: What are Hormones? Endocrine System Glands & Organs of the Endocrine System Hormones Trigger Reactions in Target Cells Water Soluble vs Lipid Soluble Hormones How the Pancreas Regulates Blood Sugar Hormone Cascades Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Review Credits
In the second half of our look at the endocrine system, Hank …
In the second half of our look at the endocrine system, Hank discusses chemical homeostasis and hormone cascades. Specifically, he looks at the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, or HPT axis, and all the ways your body can suffer when that system, or your hormones in general, get out of whack.
Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology continues the journey through sensory systems with …
Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology continues the journey through sensory systems with a look at how your sense of hearing works. We follow sounds as they work their way into the ear where they are registered and transformed into action potentials. This mechanism not only helps you hear but also helps maintain your equilibrium.
Chapters: Introduction How Sound Works External Ear Structure & Function Middle Ear Structure & Function Inner Ear Labyrinth Cochlea: Basilar Membrane Cochlea: Organ of Corti Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus What Causes Motion Sickness? Review Credits
Your heart gets a lot of attention from poets, songwriters, and storytellers, …
Your heart gets a lot of attention from poets, songwriters, and storytellers, but today Hank's gonna tell you how it really works. The heart’s ventricles, atria, and valves create a pump that maintains both high and low pressure to circulate blood from the heart to the body through your arteries and bring it back to the heart through your veins. You'll also learn what your blood pressure measurements mean when we talk about systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Chapters: Introduction: The Heart Structure of the Heart The Heart's Ventricles, Atria, and Valves Arteries & Veins Pulmonary Circulation Loop Systemic Loop Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Review Credits
Today we're talking about the heart and heartthrobs -- both literal and …
Today we're talking about the heart and heartthrobs -- both literal and those of the televised variety. Hank explains how your heart’s pacemaker cells use leaky membranes to generate their own action potentials, and how the resulting electricity travels through the cardiac conduction pathway from SA Node to Purkinje fibers, allowing your heart to contract. He's also going to make you better able to spot inaccuracies in medical dramas by explaining how defibrillators work to reset the rhythm of your heart.
Chapters: Introduction: Cardiac Arrest Cardiac Muscle Tissue Structure Pacemaker Cells - The Brain of Your Heart The Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System How Defbrilators Work Review Credits
Our final episodes of Anatomy & Physiology explore the way your body …
Our final episodes of Anatomy & Physiology explore the way your body keeps all that complex, intricate stuff alive and healthy -- your immune system. The immune system’s responses begin with physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and when they’re not enough, there are phagocytes -- the neutrophils and macrophages. It also features the awesomely named natural killer cells and the inflammatory response, and we'll explain how all of these elements work together to save the day if you happen to slip on a banana peel.
Chapters: Introduction: Immune System Skin as a Physical Barrier Mucous Membranes Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Macrophages Natural Killer Cells Inflammatory Response Review
In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains …
In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.
Chapters: Introduction: Adaptive Immune Responses How B Cells Identify Antigens B Cells Become Effector Cells & Memory Cells How Antibodies Fight Antigens Active and Passive Humoral Immunity How Vaccines Work Review
THE FINAL SHOWDOWN! This is the last episode on the immune system …
THE FINAL SHOWDOWN! This is the last episode on the immune system and also the very last episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology. In it, Hank explains how the cellular immune response uses helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells to attack body cells compromised by pathogens. He also explores how cytokines activate B and T cells, and what happens if your immune system goes rogue and starts causing autoimmune trouble.
Chapters: Introduction: Cells Fight Cells Professional Antigen Presenting Cells Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Immunodeficiencies Autoimmune Disorders Review
Today, Hank answers the question, "Why do we use lotion?" We'll take …
Today, Hank answers the question, "Why do we use lotion?" We'll take a look at your integumentary system and all the hard work it does to protect you from and help you interact with the world around you.
Chapters: Introduction: Why Do We Use Lotion? Protective & Sensory Functions of the Integumentary System More Functions: removing waste, storing blood, and regulating body temperature Skin Discoloration: Cyanosis, Jaundice, and Erythema Melanin, Vitamin D, and Skin Tone How Does Hair Conditioner Work? How Do Hair, Skin, and Nails Grow? Types of Sweat Glands: Eccrine, Apocrine, Mammary, and Ceruminous Sebaceous (Oil) Glands Review Credits
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