This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotics are powerful for fighting infection. But they could create a dangerous imbalance in the gut, where the eradication of harmful bacteria might make room for gut fungi to invade. To find out, researchers analyzed stool samples from 14 healthy participants. Samples were collected over 3 months following a 6-day course of antibiotics. While the bacterial community mostly rebounded over those 3 months, the fungal community shifted from one characterized largely by mutually beneficial interactions (red) to one fraught with competitive interactions (blue) with half of the bacterial-fungal interactions detected before the antibiotic treatment disappearing 3 months later. Metagenomics data revealed that certain bacteria normally help keep opportunistic fungal pathogens like Candida albicans in check. Understanding how could help researchers find ways to restore balance to the gut microbiome following drug treatment or during disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Mosquito-borne illness kills more than 700,000 people per year. Often these pathogens reside in the mosquito gut, where they may be impacted by their diet and gut microbiome. But there are gaps in the research into these impacts. Specifically, most studies into mosquito sugar metabolism focused on blood diets, but only female mosquitos drink blood, while both sexes eat plant sugars like nectar and sap. Similarly, most mosquito microbiome research focused on bacteria, largely missing the potential role of gut fungi, or the mycobiome. To narrow these gaps, researchers examined fructose metabolism in Asian tiger mosquitoes using 13C-metabolomics and stable isotope probing. While female and male mosquitos had distinct metabolic pathways, the active fungal groups in both sexes after fructose ingestion had a mix of competitive and synergistic interactions. There was also evidence of cross-feeding interactions, where one microbial species produces metabolites that other microbes use..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The aim of this presentation is to expand the student knowledge about skin microbiology. The main skin microbes are bacteria, viruses and fungi, which normally are friendly without causing harms. However, the skin flora is constantly challenges by our every-day life activities.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The gut microbial community, called the gut microbiota, plays an important role in health for both humans and animals. The bacterial members of this community are the most numerous and consequently get the most attention in research. However, there are often overlooked but important fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa in the microbiota too. The fungal subset of a microbiota is called the mycobiota, and it is particularly understudied in birds. To close this gap, a recent study comprehensively characterized the mycobiota of chickens bred for meat. While gut bacterial communities typically stabilize with age, the chicken mycobiota was dynamic over time with no clear pattern of successive changes and low overall diversity. The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract mycobiota was more diverse than the lower tract mycobiota, and just 25 core fungal groups accounted for more than 85% of the fungal population in each section of the GI tract..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the characteristics of fungiDescribe the composition of the myceliumDescribe the mode of nutrition of fungiExplain sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Classify fungi into the five major phylaDescribe each phylum in terms of major representative species and patterns of reproduction

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the role of fungi in the ecosystemDescribe mutualistic relationships of fungi with plant roots and photosynthetic organismsDescribe the beneficial relationship between some fungi and insects

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe fungal parasites and pathogens of plantsDescribe the different types of fungal infections in humansExplain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the importance of fungi to the balance of the environmentSummarize the role of fungi in food and beverage preparationDescribe the importance of fungi in the chemical and pharmaceutical industriesDiscuss the role of fungi as model organisms

This site is an OER for BIology II and contains all the materials needed for the course including lecture slides and labs.

This material is labwork meant to be used in conjunction with the Candela "Biology II" course.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

Submitted as part of the California Learning Resource Network (CLRN) Phase 3 Digital Textbook Initiative (CA DTI3), CK-12 Foundation’s high school Biology FlexBook covers cell biology, genetics, evolution, ecology, botany, zoology, and physiology. This digital textbook was reviewed for its alignment with California content standards.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Microbiomes are more than just prokaryotes and viruses; they also contain important eukaryotes, including fungi and protists. However, eukaryotes are difficult to study using ‘shotgun’ metagenomics, as their signal is often overwhelmed by the prokaryotes. Some methods use eukaryote-specific marker genes, but they can’t detect eukaryotes that aren’t in the reference marker gene set, and such methods are not compatible with web-based tools for downstream analysis. But CORRAL (Clustering Of Related Reference ALignments) is designed to close those gaps. CORRAL identifies eukaryotes in metagenomic data based on alignments to eukaryote-specific marker genes and Markov clustering. It can detect microbial eukaryotes that are not included in the marker gene reference set. The process is even automated and can be carried out at scale. A recent paper demonstrates CORRAL’s sensitivity and accuracy with simulated datasets, mock community standards, and human microbiome datasets..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, fungi are essential for nutrient cycling, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus into the soil. In contrast, in marine environments, fungi are often considered to be associated with debris and less essential to the element cycle than other microbes such as prokaryotes and phytoplankton. A recent study sought to better understand the role of open-sea, or pelagic, fungi in carbon cycling in the ocean. Using multi-omics techniques and existing genomic datasets, researchers performed a global analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) – key enzymes in carbon cycling – in ocean fungi. They found that pelagic fungi are active in carbohydrate degradation, as indicated by a high ratio of CAZyme transcripts..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Built environment microbiomes are shaped by their occupants and the outside environment. These microbiomes can have a profound impact on the health of its occupants. The International Space Station (ISS) is a uniquely sealed environment, with only the arrival of crewmembers and supplies introducing new microbes. Monitoring the ISS microbiome is important to ensure astronaut health and spacecraft integrity. So, a recent study used samples from two long-term projects, Microbial Tracking 1 and 2, which sampled the same surfaces over two 14-month-long periods. The ISS surface microbiome was dominated by microbes associated with human skin. The most represented groups were Staphylococcus and Malassezia among bacteria and fungi, respectively. Community abundances shifted over time, but did not differ between surfaces. Overall, the metabolism genes tended towards amino acid utilization rather than carbohydrate metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.