This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Since 1991, the international Banff Classification has been revisited every 2 years to integrate advances in clinical research into best-treatment practices for organ transplantation. At the 2017 Banff conference, 479 delegates from 23 countries reviewed two seminal concerns in the kidney-transplant field: how T cell-mediated rejection is related to inflammation in areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and the evolution of molecular diagnostics, particularly for identifying antibody-mediated rejection. These discussions prompted significant updates to the Banff scheme. The relationship between i-IFTA severity and graft survival has been well established. Despite this, i-IFTA has previously been excluded as a diagnostic criterion of TCMR. Recent findings, however, suggest that inflammation in IFTA can be a manifestation of chronic active TCMR, particularly when other features of T cell-mediated alloimmunity, such as tubulitis, are present..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"It might sound like bad advice, but for Japanese men, eating a high-carb diet could actually be a good thing—only, it depends on the type of carb. Because eating too much of the wrong ones could have dire consequences. These are the findings reported by Professor Chisato Nagata and colleagues from the Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan—recipients of the inaugural British Journal of Nutrition Paper of the Year award. Their paper, published in volume 122, issue 7 of BJN, describes a subset of results from the Takayama Study. The study was launched in 1992 to link dietary and lifestyle factors to morbidity from cancer and other diseases. Participants filled out a questionnaire at baseline on how frequently they ate various foods..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The Journal of Materials Research is proud to announce the 2019 Gordon E. Pike JMR Paper of the Year Award. This award recognizes excellence in advancing materials knowledge through written scholarship. This year’s honors go to a team of researchers from China and the US for their report on a new form of flexible and rechargeable supercapacitor wire, which was published in the September 14, 2019 issue of Journal of Materials Research. With the rapid growth of portable and wearable electronics, researchers face many important challenges. They’re tasked with fabricating devices that are smaller, lighter, and more flexible than ever—all while delivering the same or higher levels of performance. Wire-shaped supercapacitors are among the most promising technologies developed to address these challenges. These flexible devices store and deliver energy in the form of tightly wound fibers of electrochemically active materials, such as carbon nanotubes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The Materials Research Society is proud to announce the 2020 MRS Communications Lecture honorees, Drs. Chun-Teh Chen and Grace Gu from the University of California, Berkeley. The honor recognizes excellence in the field of materials research through work published in MRS Communications. Drs. Chen and Gu are recognized this year for their prospective paper on how researchers are harnessing artificial intelligence to accelerate the design and discovery of composite materials. Their work is featured in volume nine, issue two of MRS Communications. Composites are combinations of two or more base materials, whose collective properties exceed those possessed by either material alone. Composites are widely used as structural materials in the automotive and aerospace industries and can also be easily found in nature. Limitations in manufacturing methods have generally restricted the architecture these materials take on in real-world applications. Most commonly, they’re processed into multilayer sheets..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Vitamin D guidelines are currently in a state of paralysis. The problem: the numerous competing ways of measuring levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, a slightly modified form of vitamin D in the body. This lack of standardization has produced three conflicting sets of guidelines for defining vitamin D status across the globe, those from the UK, the US, and the Endocrine Society. The guidelines from the UK and US set similar standards, defining vitamin D deficiency as 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations less than 10 to 12 nanograms per milliliter. This is the standard typically adopted by government-sponsored committees. Non-governmental organizations, however, tend to adopt the guideline set by the Endocrine Society, which defines deficiency as 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations less than 20 nanograms per milliliter. Despite a wealth of data on vitamin D and how to measure it, a worldwide consensus on determining vitamin D status remains elusive..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"3D-printed with microscale precision, these tiny architectural marvels could be the key to making high-temperature ceramics less vulnerable to fracture. The implications could span across the numerous areas these materials are used, from aerospace to tissue engineering. The blueprint for these hardy structures is reported in the Journal of Materials Research Volume 33, Issue No. 3, earning honors as the 2018 JMR Paper of the Year. Researchers built the miniature trusses layer by layer using a technique called projection microstereolithography. In this process, a UV-light pattern is scanned across a polymer bath composed of photo-active ceramic building blocks. The silicon-based polymer solidifies at every point traced by the UV beam. Subsequent heating in a high-temperature furnace activates the polymer structures, baking off volatile organics, to produce silicon oxycarbide structures. The team then put these structures to the test..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When modern 3D printing was invented in the early 1980s, few could have predicted the influence it has today. At no other time in history has it been this easy to transform a sketch into the real thing. And while that feat has proven immensely useful for constructing complex machines, it is unlikely more meaningful anywhere else today than in the field of biomedicine. With the ability to churn out standard or custom prosthetics, devices, and even test models, the 3D printing of biomaterials is revolutionizing medical care. One of the greatest conveniences afforded by biomedical 3D printing is the ability to manufacture parts on demand. Common load-bearing prosthetics, such as those for knee or hip replacements, no longer have to be built in bulk and benched before use. Virtually stored print files can be called upon and processed into parts as soon as they are needed in the clinic, with the printing material and method suited to the part’s function and placement..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Climate change is altering our world as we know it. Unfortunately, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for making our environment resilient. From planners to scientists to farmers and ranchers, the lens through which climate change is viewed is dynamic. So how can anyone plan the best course of action with the best available data? Researchers led by Aavudai Anandhi at Florida A&M University might have just the right tool for the job. Their evidence-based approach combines three climate research methods to tailor action plans to the needs of a given ecosystem—whether that’s an entire country or state, or a single community, and whether for now or for the future. The approach begins with gathering evidence of climate change over a geographical region—the state of Florida for example. That’s done by pulling from trusted research to understand how factors like temperature or rainfall have evolved or are projected to evolve over time..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Climate change is altering our world as we know it Despite general guidelines for mitigating harmful changes Climate change affects different areas in different ways And those effects aren’t always clear Now, a new evidence-based tool could provide the resolution to tailor plans of action around the globe It starts with a meta-analysis that gathers climate change data for a given ecosystem That data provides the input needed to draw conclusions about future climate trends, or scenarios Such as increases or decreases in temperature The effects those changes are likely to set in motion are then linked together in a causal chain Which can reveal how crops, natural resources, or animal species will fare amid climate change Although the tool becomes limited when data for a given area are scarce It could be a powerful new way to develop custom-made plans for fighting climate change.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or brain damage caused by a sudden blow or jolt to the head, is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The mechanisms are complex and differ among patients, making TBI difficult to treat, and anti-inflammatory agents that are effective in animal models have been less promising in human trials, indicating that better treatments are needed. To explore new strategies, a recent study investigated the effect of the anti-inflammatory compound ACT001 on TBI. In mice, ACT001 reduced brain damage and improved motor function after TBI by reducing trauma-induced activation of microglia, which are immune cells of the central nervous system. In vitro, ACT001 also reduced activation of mouse and rat microglia induced by the bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and downregulated LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory molecules in a mouse microglial cell line..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, can cause long-term damage that leads to heart failure. To treat this type of heart failure, it’s critical to heal the pathological structural changes in the heart and preserve cardiac function. A recent study investigated potential treatment targets by exploring the role of the enzyme ADAM17, whose levels are increased during MI. In a group of 152 patients with MI, high ADAM17 levels were associated with a greater incidence of subsequent heart failure, as well as poorer heart function and higher mortality, suggesting a negative role of ADAM17. In mice with MI, elevated ADAM17 levels were linked to heart damage, but blocking ADAM17 activity limited the cardiac damage and remodeling after MI. Experiments in cultured heart cells revealed that ADAM17 exerted its harmful effects by promoting loss of the cardioprotective enzyme ACE2 and that the activation of ADAM17 depended on modification of a specific site in the protein p38 MAPK..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Healthy corneas are clear and lack blood vessels, but injuries like alkali burns can trigger neovascularization. This serious complication reduces the patient’s vision and is the leading cause of failure in corneal transplants. Previous studies have suggested that AIP1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-interacting protein) is involved in inflammatory neovascularization induction and that NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) is activated by alkali burns. NOX4 can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which unbalance the expression of the inflammation-related proteins NLRP3 and NLRP6 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 and 6). Researchers recently used a mouse model to examine how AIP1 and NOX4 are related to NLRP3/NLRP6 after corneal alkali burns. Corneal alkali burns decreased AIP1 expression and increased the expression of two pro-angiogenic proteins, clv-IL-1β (cleaved interleukin-1β) and VEGFa (vascular endothelial growth factor A)..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Some proteins are central to many cell signaling processes. One of these key molecules is AKT2. An important kinase involved in cell survival, growth, and metabolism, it has ties to insulin-induced signaling and cancer. AKT2 has a critical role in immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages; however, although AKT2 is expressed in antibody-producing immune cells called B cells, its function in B cells isn’t clear. In a recent study, researchers sought to understand the role of AKT2 in B cells using AKT2-deficient mice. They found that mice lacking AKT2 had impaired B-cell differentiation. B cells from these mice were not able to form a cluster of molecules called a signalosome in response to B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, resulting in poor BCR signaling and impaired B cell activation and spreading. These results suggest that as a central orchestrator of signaling, AKT2 function is critical for proper BCR signaling and B cell development, ensuring a functional antibody-mediated immune response..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs) are membrane bound proteins that transmit signals from outside the cell to internal signaling pathways. One of these pathways is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which plays roles in cellular proliferation, survival, metabolism, and differentiation. PI3K/AKT dysregulation is also often implicated in cancers. A previous study determined that activating GqPCRs in certain cells inactivated AKT, which led to a specific type of cell death, JNK-dependent apoptosis. This unique signal seems to play an important role in physiological and pathological events like pituitary development and cardiac hypertrophy. Now, a new study determined that the mechanism of this AKT inactivation relies on another signaling-related protein, PP2A. When the GqPCRs are not activated, a fraction of PP2A "c" subunit is in a dimer complex with another protein, IGBP1 and they are bound to the p85 subunit of PI3K, causing its activation..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Immune checkpoints are an effective way that cancers evade the immune system, but they're not the only one. In the case of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, or PDAC, tumor fibrosis also plays an important role. To understand how fibrosis might translate to poor outcomes among patients with PDAC, researchers examined the ARF6-AMAP1 molecular pathway, which research suggests is activated during fibrosis. Findings revealed that AMAP1 correlated with elevated expression of PD-L1, a molecule that tumor cells present on their surface to elude attack by the immune system. AMAP1 was also linked to elevated fibrosis. Consistently, silencing AMAP1 in a mouse model of human PDAC reduced PD-L1 and fibrosis in their tumors. Suppressing the ARF6-AMAP1, therefore, could be one way to ensure that PDAC tumors can’t hide from immune defenses, offering the prospect of more effective immunotherapies for patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The transcription factor ATF5 plays a vital role in the formation of several cancers, including breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, rectal, and liver cancer. But ATF5’s function in esophageal cancer—one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide—remains unclear. To find out, researchers monitored the activity of ATF5 in esophageal cancer tissues. Much like in other cancers, ATF5 was upregulated in esophageal cancer tissues cultured in the lab, and ATF5 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of esophageal cancer cells. Silencing ATF5, however, inhibited these abilities. In fact, in mice, silencing ATF5 hampered tumor growth. ATF5’s role as a lever that triggers tumor growth is believed to occur through an interaction with HIF1, a protein complex also known to promote the growth and spread of tumors. These findings suggest that the known anti-cancer effects of silencing ATF5 might also be powerful against esophageal cancer..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl) is a key player in oncogenesis, causing diseases including chronic myelogenous and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Drugs targeting Abl kinase activity serve as paradigms of targeted therapy. Drosophila is an ideal model for studying Abl’s function because there is only a single fly Abl family member. In flies, Abl is essential for embryonic morphogenesis, playing diverse roles in embryonic and adult viability. To examine the role of the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of Abl, researchers deleted the IDR in Drosophila. They found that Abl lacking the IDR was not able to rescue the roles of Abl in viability and embryonic morphogenesis. The IDR was also essential for cell shape changes and cytoskeletal regulation during embryonic morphogenesis and, surprisingly, for modulating protein stability..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Osteochondritis dissecans, or OCD, is a bone disease that wears away joints and the cartilage that covers them. It occurs most often in children and adolescents. While OCD has been documented and studied for nearly 150 years, researchers still don’t know what causes it. Reporting in The American Journal of Sports Medicine, one group offers up new findings that point to at least one factor that surgeons should look out for. The team looked at radiographs of 61 knees of patients undergoing surgery for OCD. Those patients were just over 23 years old on average, and 77% of them were men. The researchers reviewed the radiographs for mechanical alignment, as previous studies have speculated that deformities due to malalignment contribute to OCD. What they found was that patients with OCD did in fact show signs of off-axis effects. Specifically, they observed that the location of OCD lesions correlated with the deviation of the mechanical axis of the leg..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico is one of the windiest places on earth making it a hotspot for investment in wind energy. But that’s proving problematic. Because although wind-energy investments appear to be paving the way toward a sustainable future a new study reports that a lack of good governance is proving unsustainable for the large indigenous population that calls the Isthmus home. Mexico is among the many nations that have implemented policies supporting the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations. a blueprint for achieving a sustainable future for our planet. But in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, these efforts do not adequately include local indigenous communities. It’s a problem caused by a combination of corruption, poor accountability, and limited access to information about energy and the environment. Fortunately, paths for reversing these poor governance patterns do appear to exist..."

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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Actinobacteria are some of the most widely distributed bacteria in soils and are well known for their ability to degrade plant residues in pure culture in the laboratory. Yet, despite the importance of microbe-driven decomposition to carbon sequestration in terrestrial systems, their importance and specific activity across diverse environments in the field are unknown. Researchers recently evaluated the ecophysiological roles of Actinobacteria in rice straw residue decomposition in a series of field and microcosm experiments. They found that although Actinobacteria represented only 4.6% of the total bacterial abundance, they encoded 16% of the total carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates. The researchers also found that Actinobacteria taxonomic and functional compositions were relatively stable during straw decomposition and that the importance of Actinobacteria in decomposition increased as soil fertility decreased..."

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