Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how hormones workDiscuss the role of different types of hormone receptors

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in platelet aggregation and immune responses. PAR4 is also overexpressed in several malignant cancers. Due to its wide array of roles, PAR4 inhibition has potential therapeutic value for managing many diseases. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) modulate G-protein-coupled receptor- mediated pathways, including those of other PAR proteins. However, their specific effects on PAR4 are not fully understood. Researchers have recently investigated the network of interactions between PAR4, RGS proteins, and Gα proteins in live cells. They found that PAR4 interacted with RGS2 and RGS4 in a Gα-dependent manner, and that the formation of these complexes inhibited PAR4 signaling. Additionally, PAR4 activation promoted cell proliferation and cancer-related gene expression, and this was blocked by RGS2 and RGS4 expression..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key proteins that help transmit extracellular signals into cells. Arrestin molecules help regulate GPCR signaling by recognizing and binding to GPCR residues that have been phosphorylated specifically by the kinase GRK. Two models, the barcode model and the flute model, have been proposed to explain this process. In the barcode model, different protein kinases produce different phosphorylation “barcodes” on GPCRs and arrestins “read” the barcodes produced by GRK to produce certain signaling outcomes. In the flute model, different phosphorylation patterns form different sequences of “notes”. These notes can then be “played” in various ways by the different structural features of arrestins, enabling multiple “songs” (outcomes) to be produced from one set of notes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Nerves, and the signals that modulate them, play critical roles during wound healing. CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) is one such modulator and is a potential treatment target for chronic wounds, like ulcers. But CGRP doesn’t last long in blood samples, so researchers recently focused on RAMP1 (receptor activity-modifying protein 1), which is part of the CGRP receptor. First, in mouse experiments, they determined that RAMP1 expression was altered during skin wound healing. Then, they used mouse skin fibroblasts (MSFs) to determine the mechanisms at play. Overexpressing RAMP1 in MSFs promoted proliferation by increasing expression of YAP (Yes-associated protein). Subsequent experiments showed that overexpressed RAMP1 increased expression of Gαi3 (inhibitory G protein α subunit 3). While Gαi3 is typically inhibitory, here Gαi3 activated PKA (protein kinase A) through a non-classical pathway..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.