Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how hormones regulate the excretory systemDiscuss the role of hormones in the reproductive systemDescribe how hormones regulate metabolismExplain the role of hormones in different diseases

This patient education program explains what diabetes is, the signs and symptoms, treatment options, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, complications, and management of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This presentation talks about glucose regulation, how it’s possible to maintain a constant glucose level and physical regulation of plasma glucose. In continuation of this we’ll talk about diabetic complication, like neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, chronic hyperglycemia, which can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke and amputations.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This presentation provides an introduction to The Edmonton Protocol, which was published back in year 2000 from University of Edmonton. In continuation of this, we’ll talk about insulin injections and hypoglycemia.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This presentation discuss how to treat hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. The cornerstone in the treatment is weight loss and increased physical activity, but most patients need pharmacological treatment from the time of diagnosis in order to control hyperglycemia. Furthermore we’ll discuss the use of all diabetic agents in patient with type 2 diabetes and how it’s important that the anti diabetic treatment is individualized.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This patient education program explains what diabetes is, the signs and symptoms, treatment options, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, complications, and management of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA may help prevent metabolic diseases and alleviate microbiome disruption, but how these fatty acids affect the gut microbiome and metabolome in diabetes remains unclear. To learn more, a new study examined the gut health of diabetic (db/db) mice fed EPA-/DHA-supplemented diets. Both EPA and DHA improved blood sugar-related indices in diabetic mice without affecting body weight and distinctly altered mouse gut microbiomes and fecal metabolomic profiles. In addition, both fatty acids accelerated gut glutamate degradation, which was strongly correlated with Coriobacteriaceae bacterial abundance. EPA and DHA increased the levels of beneficial short-chain fatty acids, while EPA decreased the levels of the bacterial endotoxin LPS. Notably, all of the effects were more evident for EPA than for DHA..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Worldwide, many patients treated for type 2 diabetes are not achieving their recommended glycemic targets. For patients with very poorly controlled diabetes, such as those with an HBA1C more than 2% above their target or with HbA1c over 10%, the ADA and EASD consensus recommendations include combination therapy with both basal insulin and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (or GLP-1 RA). iGlarLixi is a once-daily, titratable, fixed-ratio combination of basal insulin glargine 100 units (or glargine) and lixisenatide, a GLP-1 RA. The complementary mechanisms of action of lixisenatide and glargine means that this combination targets both fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia with a single injection. To examine whether iGlarLixi is a therapeutic option for patients with very poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, the authors of the current study analyzed two sub-groups of the LixiLan-O clinical trial. Their findings are published in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"New research reveals a previously unrecognized circuit for regulating blood glucose levels. This circuit supports a recently proposed mechanism for why patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery show reduced symptoms of diabetes, well before weight loss. Our bodies turn the carbohydrates, fats and proteins found in food into useful sugars, fatty acids and amino acids. After a meal, the pancreas works to keep our blood sugar level, or glycemia, high enough to keep our brain fed, yet low enough not to damage delicate tissues. It does that by secreting the regulatory hormone insulin. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as starch in the liver and muscle. While some amino acids can enhance insulin production, one of them actually does the opposite. Researchers demonstrated that nutritional tyrosine is converted to the neurotransmitter dopamine in the gut and stomach after eating..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Diabetic wounds are a growing problem worldwide. One solution could lie in a hormone secreted by the parathyroid. PTH is critical for re-growing bone. But evidence suggests that it could also help regenerate skin and blood vessels. Researchers recently tested this hypothesis on rats. Applying a synthetic version of PTH to diabetic wounds significantly improved wound healing. But not as they believed it would. Synthetic PTH did not appear to directly activate the cells it repaired. Instead, separate experiments showed that the PTH derivative indirectly led to repair, using exosomes, tiny sacs ejected by cells to communicate with other cells. If replicated in more realistic models of diabetes, these findings could lead to a powerful new way to accelerate wound healing..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Excessive glucose and insulin levels in the blood are known to cause tissue damage and even organ failure, particularly in people with diabetes. In the search for new drugs that can counteract these dangerous effects researchers recently examined the medicinal plant Hyoscyamus albus, or white henbane. Found in the Mediterranean, white henbane is rich in alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Found in the Mediterranean, white henbane is rich in alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine, which possess analgesic, anti-spasm, and sedative properties. The research team focused on a group of recently discovered alkaloids called “calystegines”, which have been shown to counteract excessive glucose and insulin levels. Calystegines improved liver cell viability under hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions, as well as glucose uptake in insulin-resistant liver cells, as indicated by the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.