Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how hormones regulate the excretory systemDiscuss the role of hormones in the reproductive systemDescribe how hormones regulate metabolismExplain the role of hormones in different diseases

This patient education program explains what diabetes is, the signs and symptoms, treatment options, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, complications, and management of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This presentation provides an introduction to The Edmonton Protocol, which was published back in year 2000 from University of Edmonton. In continuation of this, we’ll talk about insulin injections and hypoglycemia.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This patient education program explains what diabetes is, the signs and symptoms, treatment options, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, complications, and management of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Worldwide, many patients treated for type 2 diabetes are not achieving their recommended glycemic targets. For patients with very poorly controlled diabetes, such as those with an HBA1C more than 2% above their target or with HbA1c over 10%, the ADA and EASD consensus recommendations include combination therapy with both basal insulin and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (or GLP-1 RA). iGlarLixi is a once-daily, titratable, fixed-ratio combination of basal insulin glargine 100 units (or glargine) and lixisenatide, a GLP-1 RA. The complementary mechanisms of action of lixisenatide and glargine means that this combination targets both fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia with a single injection. To examine whether iGlarLixi is a therapeutic option for patients with very poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, the authors of the current study analyzed two sub-groups of the LixiLan-O clinical trial. Their findings are published in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"New research reveals a previously unrecognized circuit for regulating blood glucose levels. This circuit supports a recently proposed mechanism for why patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery show reduced symptoms of diabetes, well before weight loss. Our bodies turn the carbohydrates, fats and proteins found in food into useful sugars, fatty acids and amino acids. After a meal, the pancreas works to keep our blood sugar level, or glycemia, high enough to keep our brain fed, yet low enough not to damage delicate tissues. It does that by secreting the regulatory hormone insulin. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as starch in the liver and muscle. While some amino acids can enhance insulin production, one of them actually does the opposite. Researchers demonstrated that nutritional tyrosine is converted to the neurotransmitter dopamine in the gut and stomach after eating..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"People with diabetes who require basal insulin to achieve blood glucose control can be at risk of hypoglycaemia, where blood glucose levels drop too low. In randomised clinical trials (or RCTs), use of second-generation basal insulin analogues, such as insulin glargine 300 units/mL (known as glargine 300) and insulin degludec, results in similar glycated haemoglobin reductions compared with first-generation basal insulin analogues, such as glargine 100 and insulin detemir, but with less hypoglycaemia. However, it is not known whether these results translate directly to routine clinical practice, as RCTs often apply strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, meaning that they may not be generalisable to real-life situations. Electronic medical records are a source of rich real-world data, but using them to make comparisons between different treatments can be difficult because results might be biased by confounding data, something that the randomisation in RCTs is designed to minimise..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose, is an important risk factor for people with type 2 diabetes receiving blood glucose-lowering therapies, such as insulin. It can lead to symptoms that interfere with activities of daily living and can sometimes (though rarely) result in debilitating events, including loss of consciousness. Basal insulins are designed to help maintain stable blood glucose levels throughout the day. Data from randomized clinical trials show that newer, second-generation basal insulin analogs (such as insulin glargine 300 units per mL and insulin degludec) have lower hypoglycemia risk than first- generation basal insulin analogs (such as insulin glargine 100 units per mL and insulin detemir), while providing comparable glycemic control. However, these randomized controlled trials may not truly reflect clinical practice, as they applied strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and were conducted under strict oversight dictated by very specific protocols..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Nearly 12% of adults in China have type-2 diabetes, and fewer than half of them have it well-managed. That makes them good candidates for insulin therapy, especially a type known as basal insulin, which uses long- or intermediate-acting insulin to keep blood sugar levels stable throughout the day. But it hasn’t been clear how useful that treatment is under real-world conditions. Now, a recently completed observational trial in China finds that the therapy successfully lowers blood sugar, although dosing challenges remain. Researchers recruited nearly 20,000 patients from across China who had been on oral diabetes medications, and were willing to try basal insulin to better control their disease. Because the team wanted to see how well the therapy could work in a realistic setting, each patient worked with his or her own doctor to come up with a personalized plan. Participants were then followed-up at three and six months..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.