This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Since 1991, the international Banff Classification has been revisited every 2 years to integrate advances in clinical research into best-treatment practices for organ transplantation. At the 2017 Banff conference, 479 delegates from 23 countries reviewed two seminal concerns in the kidney-transplant field: how T cell-mediated rejection is related to inflammation in areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and the evolution of molecular diagnostics, particularly for identifying antibody-mediated rejection. These discussions prompted significant updates to the Banff scheme. The relationship between i-IFTA severity and graft survival has been well established. Despite this, i-IFTA has previously been excluded as a diagnostic criterion of TCMR. Recent findings, however, suggest that inflammation in IFTA can be a manifestation of chronic active TCMR, particularly when other features of T cell-mediated alloimmunity, such as tubulitis, are present..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how the kidneys serve as the main osmoregulatory organs in mammalian systemsDescribe the structure of the kidneys and the functions of the parts of the kidneyDescribe how the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and explain how it actively filters blood and generates urineDetail the three steps in the formation of urine: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

Students learn about various crystals, such as kidney stones, within the human body. They also learn about how crystals grow and ways to inhibit their growth. They also learn how researchers such as chemical engineers design drugs with the intent to inhibit crystal growth for medical treatment purposes and the factors they face when attempting to implement their designs. A day before presenting this lesson to students, conduct the associated activity, Rock Candy Your Body.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cirrhosis is a chronic disease involving permanent scarring of the liver And it's currently the 11th leading cause of death worldwide In its most advanced form, the disease impairs kidney function, causing what’s known as hepatorenal syndrome While inflammation is believed to play a role in cirrhosis No studies have examined the link between inflammation and hepatorenal syndrome until now Researchers from Spain tracked inflammation responses in 161 patients hospitalized for advanced cirrhosis Patients who developed hepatorenal syndrome showed a much stronger inflammatory response than those without the disease The relatively small patient sample means that these results should be interpreted with caution But the findings could still provide meaningful clues for treating patients with cirrhosis Helping doctors identify potential targets for slowing disease progression Solé et al..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Using ordinary household materials, student “biomedical engineering” teams design prototype models that demonstrate semipermeability under the hypothetical scenario that they are creating a teaching tool for medical students. Working within material constraints, each model consists of two layers of a medium separated by material acting as the membrane. The competing groups must each demonstrate how water (or another substance) passes through the first layer of the medium, through the membrane, and into the second layer of the medium. After a few test/evaluate/redesign cycles, teams present their best prototypes to the rest of the class. Then student teams collaborate as a class to create one optimal design that reflects what they learned from the group design successes and failures. A pre/post-quiz, worksheet and rubric are provided.

This lesson helps students explore the functions of the kidney and its place in the urinary system. Students learn how engineers design instruments to help people when kidneys are not functioning properly or when environmental conditions change, such as kidney function in space.

In this activity, students filter different substances through a plastic window screen, different sized hardware cloth and poultry netting. Their model shows how the thickness of a filter in the kidney is imperative in deciding what will be filtered out and what will stay within the blood stream.

Students learn how crystallization and inhibition occur by examining calcium oxalate crystals with and without inhibitors that are capable of altering crystallization. Kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate crystals, and engineers and doctors experiment with these crystals to determine how growth is affected when a potential drug is introduced. Students play the role of engineers by trying to determine which inhibitor would be the best for blocking crystallization.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common complication of diabetes, the structure and function of the kidneys deteriorate. One early sign of DN is proteinuria, or protein excretion in urine. Although the mechanism of DN-related proteinuria isn’t clear, rearrangement of the cellular skeleton, or cytoskeleton, might contribute. A recent study explored this theory by examining the role of the cytoskeletal protein MAP4 in DN proteinuria. In urine from patients with diabetes as well as kidney tissues from diabetic mice, the content of phosphate-modified (phosphorylated) MAP4 was elevated. In mice, inducing MAP4 phosphorylation promoted the development of DN-like proteinuria with aging and caused podocytes, specialized kidney cells that prevent proteins from entering urine, to lose their epithelial characteristics and die. In addition, mice with induced MAP4 phosphorylation were much more susceptible to diabetes than normal mice..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Could doctors one day prescribe electrical stimulation to fight a bacterial infection? Work by an interdisciplinary team of researchers at AIMES suggests that might be possible. In line with the Goals of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda, researchers at AIMES are dedicated to promoting “Good Health and Well-Being” by achieving a better understanding of bacterial infections and the body’s defenses against them. Some of their latest findings reveal a new aspect of host–pathogen interactions. In addition to the cascade of chemical signals that are activated when bacteria invade, the body might also conduct electrical signals across nerves—enabling the infected organ to call distant parts of the body to action. The team uncovered this form of “biological telecommunication” by studying rats with kidney infections caused by strains of E. coli. Within as little as 4 hours of infection, they could detect an immune response all the way in the spleen..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The M2 Renal Sequence provides an overview of diseases of the kidney and urinary tract in a clinical setting and provides an introduction to the basic concepts about the area and tools you will need to continue learning about them in future years. The sequence consists of lectures, small group seminars, Clinicopathological Correlation Laboratories, and multidisciplinary conferences on end stage renal disease and organ procurement. Over twenty faculty members from Nephrology, Pathology, Urology, and Pharmacology will participate in the lectures, seminars, and Clinicopathological Correlation Laboratory sessions.

This video features the remarkable discovery Jonathan made in 1998 about Basking sharks, the second largest fish on Earth. While diving with Basking sharks in the frigid waters of the Bay of Fundy, Jonathan saw parasitic lampreys on the backs of the sharks. This had never before been documented, so he returned the next year with a shark biologist and a lamprey biologist to attempt to recover living lampreys from the backs of Basking sharks. They didn't think Jonathan could do it. Wait until you see what happens! Please see the accompanying lesson plan for educational objectives, discussion points and classroom activities.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is a condition involving cell proliferation and tissue deposition in the kidney mesangium. MsPGN is a major cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure, but few treatment options are available. To explore new therapies, a recent study investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (ucMSC-EVs) on MsPGN in rats. The ucMSC-EVs reduced mesangial enlargement and fibrosis in rats in a dose-dependent manner, while suppressing mesangial cell proliferation. A mechanistic study revealed that the microRNA miR-378 was markedly upregulated by ucMSC-EV treatment, suggesting that the vesicles delivered miR-378 to the kidney tissues. Further analyses showed that miR-378 exerted beneficial anti-MsPGN effects by inhibiting the protein PSMD14, which in turn induced degradation of the protein TGFBR1, thereby suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Live donation of a kidney transplant carries various risks One concern is opioid exposure The use of narcotic pain medications in conjunction with general anesthesia can delay a donor’s return to normal daily function....."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.