This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs) are membrane bound proteins that transmit signals from outside the cell to internal signaling pathways. One of these pathways is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which plays roles in cellular proliferation, survival, metabolism, and differentiation. PI3K/AKT dysregulation is also often implicated in cancers. A previous study determined that activating GqPCRs in certain cells inactivated AKT, which led to a specific type of cell death, JNK-dependent apoptosis. This unique signal seems to play an important role in physiological and pathological events like pituitary development and cardiac hypertrophy. Now, a new study determined that the mechanism of this AKT inactivation relies on another signaling-related protein, PP2A. When the GqPCRs are not activated, a fraction of PP2A "c" subunit is in a dimer complex with another protein, IGBP1 and they are bound to the p85 subunit of PI3K, causing its activation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how the binding of a ligand initiates signal transduction throughout a cellRecognize the role of phosphorylation in the transmission of intracellular signalsEvaluate the role of second messengers in signal transmission

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systemsExplain how ATP is used by the cell as an energy source

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systemsExplain how ATP is used by the cell as an energy source

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the role of ATP as the cellular energy currencyDescribe how energy is released through hydrolysis of ATP

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the role of ATP as the cellular energy currencyDescribe how energy is released through hydrolysis of ATP

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a popular target of various therapies. Some therapies, like those used in tissue engineering, are designed to promote angiogenesis and new tissue growth, while other therapies, such as those designed to fight cancer, aim to suppress angiogenesis— a lifeline for tumor cells. Unfortunately, these therapies aren’t always effective. Now, a new mathematical model could help researchers understand what molecular levers to pull to effectively modulate angiogenesis. Trained on published experimental data, the model predicted the effects of activating two common targets of angiogenesis-based therapies: vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, and fibroblast growth factor, or FGF. Computational experiments showed that the two factors modify both the ERK signaling pathway, which is linked to cell proliferation, and the Akt signaling pathway, which is associated with cell survival and migration..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The Wnt signaling pathway is linked to multiple developmental defects, inherited diseases, and many types of cancer. An essential component of the Wnt signaling pathway is a family of proteins known as Dishevelled (DVL). Studies have hinted that phosphorylation of DVL proteins at specific sites ultimately controls parts of the Wnt pathway, but the molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. Now, researchers have discovered “barcode”-like patterns of phosphorylation that could dictate certain DVL functions. The team used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to determine which sites along the protein DVL3 were phosphorylated by 8 different kinases and found 88 phosphorylation sites organized into barcodes unique for each kinase. The barcoding they observed could determine how DVL3 is distributed in the cell and, with further research, could point to the role of DVL proteins in certain human diseases and cancers..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Estrogen receptor α, or ERα, is believed to play a central role in controlling inflammation. Research suggests that ERα does that by regulating anti-inflammatory signaling in the microglia, the only immune cells that reside in the brain. Now, a new study confirms ERα’s beneficial role in the brains of mice. The work explored one mechanism believed to prime ERα to fight inflammation, the attachment of a phosphoryl group to a specific amino acid in ERα’s structure -- a process known as “phosphorylation”. To test that mechanism, researchers blocked the phosphorylation of ERα in microglia from mice. That absence, it turned out, compromised the cells’ defenses against inflammation – leaving mice vulnerable to negative effects. For example, some mice with blocked ERα phosphorylation were obese and showed weakened motor skills. Further study could help explain how phosphorylated ERα regulates brain immunity and inflammation in brain diseases..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers have identified a gene important to the growth and spread of gastric cancer, opening the door to new understanding of this deadly disease. The gene, known as SIX1, has been implicated in disease progression in several cancers, but its link to gastric cancer wasn’t clear. This ambiguity prompted researchers at China Medical University to take a closer look at the role of SIX1 in gastric cancer cells. The team started by measuring SIX1 protein expression in gastric tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissue collected from 208 patients. They found high levels of SIX1 in nearly half the tumor samples and virtually none in the non-cancerous tissue – a pattern suggesting that SIX1 is an important biomarker for gastric cancer. This notion was supported by the finding that patients with higher levels of SIX1 had more advanced disease than those with moderate SIX1 expression..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Understanding the associated mechanisms is critical to the development of strategies to treat patients with colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that LOXL1, a lysyl oxidase, is a promising drug candidate for its effects on malignant cancer progression. Now, a molecular-level study could indicate why. Researchers examined the effects of LOXL1 on tumorigenicity and metastasis ability in lab-grown colorectal tumor cells and mouse xenografts. In vitro, LOXL1 overexpression dramatically reduced migration, invasion, and colony formation. In mice, LOXL1 overexpression drastically inhibited metastatic progression and tumor growth. Further experiments showed that LOXL1 exerted its effects by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of Yes-associated protein (YAP). by interacting with MST1/2 and increasing the phosphorylation of MST1/2 thereby activating the Hippo signaling pathway..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Alzheimer’s disease and similar neurodegenerative diseases involve aggregation of the protein Tau and disruption of cell structural networks. The protein HDAC6 helps clear Tau aggregates and regulate the cytoskeleton, thus exerting neuroprotective effects. HDAC6’s catalytic domains mediate some of these functions, but the roles of another domain, the zinc finger ubiquitin-binding domain (ZnF UBP), are less understood. A recent study investigated the effects of purified HDAC6 ZnF UBP on cultured neuronal cells. The researchers found that HDAC6 ZnF UBP was nontoxic to cells, and cell imaging showed that it promoted reorganization of the cytoskeletal components actin and tubulin in ways that likely support neuron growth and migration. Localization of the protein ApoE in cell nuclei was increased, indicating improved neuronal health..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers from Sun-Bio Medical Device Company have designed a new drug that delivers a one-two punch to lung cancer cells. Shown to be potent against human tumor cells grafted onto nude mice, the drug is a promising candidate for treating lung cancer in humans. Despite advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer remains the deadliest form of the disease. Surgery and chemotherapy are two go-to methods for treatment. Unfortunately, neither is 100% effective. That has many researchers turning to more precise, molecular-level targeting strategies—most notably by using antibodies. Researchers can design antibodies to lock onto and disrupt receptors that keep cancer cells alive and replicating. And not just one type at a time. So-called bispecific antibodies seek out two targets at once and have proven therapeutically more effective than their single-target counterparts..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When functioning normally, the protein FGFR2 helps regulate cell growth and division, bone growth, and the formation of blood vessels. But alterations in FGFR2 activity have been linked to certain cancers, including breast and prostate cancer, most notably because of a switch between two forms of the protein: from FGFR2b to FGFR2c. To understand the effects of this transition, a recent study examined how the aberrant expression of FGFR2c affects another protein known as PKCε. PKCε is overexpressed in several carcinomas. dramatically increasing the growth rate and mobility of the same cells regulated by FGFR2c. Test-tube experiments revealed that faulty expression of FGFR2c strongly activated PKCε through phosphorylation, a process in which phosphoryl groups are attached to a protein, modifying its function in most cases..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.