This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The birth of a child involves many big transitions, but one of these changes occurs inside the child, who transitions from the sterile womb to an outside environment full of microbes. While this has lasting effects on growth, inflammation, and immunity, remarkably little is known about how gut bacteria and viruses are acquired by infants. Recently, researchers used next-generation sequencing to evaluate microbes from the guts of 28 pairs of twins and their mothers. They found that the majority of the infant’s gut bacteria were similar to their mother’s gut bacteria. Viruses were less similar, suggesting they might be transmitted through other routes. Twins also shared more of their gut microbiota with each other, emphasizing the strong effect of environmental exposure, and mode of delivery had very little effect on how much of the infants’ gut microbiome was inherited from their mothers..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the steps of replication and explain what occurs at each stepDescribe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus replicationExplain the transmission and diseases of animal and plant virusesDiscuss the economic impact of animal and plant viruses

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Gut microbiome establishment during development is important for healthy host–microbiome symbiosis. Honeybees and bumblebees both have simple and host-specific gut microbiomes, but their colony cycles are very different. Honeybees and bumblebees both have simple and host-specific gut microbiomes, but their colony cycles are very different. While honeybee colonies persist for years, bumblebee colonies are newly established each year by solitary queens and unlike those in honeybee colonies, the mechanisms of microbiome development in bumblebee colonies remain unclear. To learn more, researchers recently used metagenomics to track microbiome changes in laboratory-raised bumblebees and their colonies over time. Some core microbes persisted throughout development and the gut microbiomes of newly emerged worker bees always resembled that of the queen, indicating vertical transmission from mother to offspring..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Type 2 diabetes is a serious disease affecting the way the body converts food into energy, and an increasing number of people are diagnosed with the disorder each year. Those whose mothers had hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP) are particularly at risk, and it is possible that the microbes living in the mother’s gut may be at least somewhat responsible. To find out more, researchers compared the metabolic characteristics and gut microbial communities of mice whose mothers had HIP. The mice were born either naturally or via cesarean section and were nursed by either their own mother or a foster mouse without HIP. Cesarean section birth and foster nursing prevented the transmission of gut microbes from biological mother to offspring. In fact, the gut microbial communities of fostered offspring were more closely related to those of their foster mothers than to those of their biological mothers, with increased relative abundances of Bifidobacterium species and short-chain fatty acid bacterial metabolites..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.