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General Biology

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On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 175. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 169. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 179, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 175. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, we recommend the use of http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selecting Save Attachment. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/. The LATEX source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk Hünniger, which is freely available under an open source license from http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf. This distribution also contains a configured version of the pdflatex compiler with all necessary packages and fonts needed to compile the LATEX source included in this PDF file.

Material Type: Lecture Notes

Ayurveda: from traditional use to scientific research

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Ayurveda is the mother of all forms of modern medicine, from body work to surgery. Ayurveda is an ancient time tested method of holistic medicine that supports the individual in finding balance throughout their physiology leading to great levels of health s and happiness. It is well known that the oldest of all the sciences in the world is the science of life, Ayurveda. It is based entirely on herbs and herbal compounds. The scientific method of Modern Science is based on the principle of Observation, Hypothesis / anti-thesis, Experimentation and Proof. Present form of Ayurveda is the outcome of continued scientific inputs that has gone in to the evolution of its principles, theories and protocol of healthy living and disease management. In this paper an attempt has been done to highlight various plants of Ayurveda and their exploration in the scientific research. The evidences of effect of different Ayurvedic plant extracts, formulations (herbal product, bhasmas etc) by in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials is extremely helpful in enhancing the wisdom of Ayurveda as evidence-based Indian system of medicine.

Material Type: Reading

Author: Vikrant Arya

3RC (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Compost)

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In this lesson, students expand their understanding of solid waste management to include the idea of 3RC (reduce, reuse, recycle and compost). They will look at the effects of packaging decisions (reducing) and learn about engineering advancements in packaging materials and solid waste management. Also, they will observe biodegradation in a model landfill (composting).

Material Type: Lesson Plan

Authors: Amy Kolenbrander, Janet Yowell, Jessica Todd, Malinda Schaefer Zarske

From Communication Apprehension to Relaxation and Emotion: How Including Indian Content in Speeches Facilitates Delivery

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From Communication Apprehension to Relaxation and Emotion: How Including Indian Content in Speeches Facilitates Delivery This OER will describe the journey of students taking the Public Speaking class at Aaniiih Nakoda College during the 2006-2014 period. In this OER, I share lesson plans as well as best practices learned, and how the inclusion of Indian content helped students to conquer their fear of public speaking and to share their sentiments about topics that mattered to them.

Material Type: Lesson Plan, Teaching/Learning Strategy

Author: Montana State Univ-Northern Faculty

Art Appreciation and Techniques

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This course is an exploration of visual art forms and their cultural connections for the student with little experience in the visual arts. It includes a brief study of art history, and in-depth studies of the elements, media, and methods used in creative thought and processes. It is the only resource I have found that approximates techniques, media, and an overview of different processes that is usually the first half of a printed text on art appreciation or an introduction to art. This is geared toward an undergraduate, lower-level student population. The art history survey is inadequate, but combined with another source, like Boundless' art history, this can be a complete text for an Art 100 course.

Material Type: Assessment, Lecture, Module, Reading, Syllabus, Textbook, Unit of Study

Authors: Afshan Bokhari, Amy Gansell, Andrew E. Hershberger, Andrew Marvick, Anne Bertrand-Dewsnap, Denise Rogers, Hilda Werschkul, Jelena Bogdanovic, Jennifer Palinkas, Jill Kiefer, Lynn E. Roller, Marjorie Munsterberg, Michelle Greet, Shaoqian Zhang, Tracy Musacchio, William V. Ganis

User Centered School Library Design

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If we take a constructivist approach to learning in libraries, then library spaces should be responsive to student needs. As Theodore Creighton points out in Setting the Stage for Staff Development,  "the teacher’s responsibilities involve creating classroom environments where students think, explore, and construct meaning, while including opportunities for students to have social interaction."  Similarly, library spaces, which allow support for both classes and "free-range" learning should do the same.  In a previous OER Commons module by this author on library space design, students studied methods for gathering student input into design. The next step is to begin incorporating that input into the actual design process and to apply input to the space as a whole.   Too often librarians start with furniture rather than starting with the purposes and mission of the program and space. As Malcolm Brown points out,"Creating a vision for learning and learning spaces is a powerful leverage point; it informs almost all other decisions about learning space design. A vision also allows us to effectively articulate to all constituents what we are trying to accomplish. The vision helps organize all participants in the design and implementation of these spaces as well as the activities they support. Simply installing wireless access points and fresh carpeting isn't enough if done in isolation; such improvements pay real dividends only if they are in concert with the institution's overall teaching and learning objectives."  (Learning Spaces)Prospective librarians may not have a current space to design, but they can begin envisioning space as a construct that incorporates user needs and wants and that drives program goals, and begin to think about spaces as a whole.   This module particularly focuses on ideas contained in the book Language of School Design(Nair and Fielding) and work by Ewan McIntosh (notosh.org).  Both works  ask library designers to think of spaces in terms of zones and how those zones make a variety of student learning possible.  A series of readings and recordings will provide an introduction to these concepts with examples.  School Librarian Competencies , 4, 5, and 10http://researchguides.austincc.edu/c.php?g=554360&p=3891603ISTE Educator Standards  2 and 5https://www.iste.org/standards/standards/for-educators

Material Type: Module

Author: Carolyn Foote

Introduction to Legal System

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The purpose of this paper is to give an introduction of Swiss Legal System. After the discussion of some facts and a very short glimpse at the historical events that led to the founding of the Switzerland. It focuses on main features of direct democracy in Switzerland, the legislation process, the publication of federal laws, and the citation and publication of the case law are examined.

Material Type: Module

Author: Digvijay Singh

Designing for Open Pedagogy

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Please join the Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources (CCCOER) for a free and open webinar on Designing for Open Pedagogy. Open Pedagogy was first introduced by Lumen Learning co-founder David Wiley, as a way to capture how the use of OER can change educational practices. He relates that using OER in the same way as traditional textbooks is like driving an airplane down the road - it is missing out on what open can provide for student and teacher collaboration, engagement, and learning.

Material Type: Lecture

Remix

Enhancing integrated persuasive language skills among university students

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Students are introduced to persuasive language expressions that would help them to plan, design, and create a commercial using a task-based approach that would facilitate students' interaction in small groups. This module would take four stages, meeting once a week. The first is introducing the topic to students via reading and listening materials. Then students will be asked to analyze the persuasive language of different commercials. In the second lesson, students will be introduced to more examples of commercials and adds that would help them produce a written slogan, and justify their production. By the end of the session, students will be divided into groups of five to seven students, and brainstorm the topic of their commercial, and assign roles. In the third session, students will hold further discussions of their topics, and fill in any gaps that existed during their previous preparations with the help of the instructor. In the last session, students will display their recorded videos, and all the pre-recorded commercials will be celebrated by the whole class.

Material Type: Lesson Plan

Authors: Hanan waer, Marwa Elelidy

Open Educational Resources (OER)

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According to United Nations Educational, Science, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) “Open Educational Resources (OERs) are any type of educational materials that are in the public domain or introduced with an open license. The nature of these open materials means that anyone can legally and freely copy, use, adapt and re-share them. OERs range from textbooks to curricula, syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, tests, projects, audio, video and animation” ( UNESCO, 2002). The organization, a forum comprised of many people who were interested in developing together a universal educational resource available for the whole of humanity. The committee chose the term “open educational resources” to describe their efforts.

Material Type: Homework/Assignment

Author: Navkiran Kaur

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