By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the steps involved in prokaryotic gene regulationExplain the roles of activators, inducers, and repressors in gene regulation

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the different steps in protein synthesisDiscuss the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain that meiosis and sexual reproduction are evolved traitsIdentify variation among offspring as a potential evolutionary advantage to sexual reproductionDescribe the three different life-cycle types among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how changes to gene expression can cause cancerExplain how changes to gene expression at different levels can disrupt the cell cycleDiscuss how understanding regulation of gene expression can lead to better drug design

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the different types of mutations in DNAExplain DNA repair mechanisms

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain that meiosis and sexual reproduction are evolved traitsIdentify variation among offspring as a potential evolutionary advantage to sexual reproductionDescribe the three different life-cycle types among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the different steps in RNA processingUnderstand the significance of exons, introns, and splicingExplain how tRNAs and rRNAs are processed

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe three types of sequencingDefine whole-genome sequencing

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Of the 20 standard amino acids, 18 can be coded by two to six synonymous codons. The preference for certain synonymous codons over others is a phenomenon known as “codon usage bias,” and it's been found in all genomes examined to date. Growing evidence suggests that codon usage regulates protein structure and gene expression through translation-dependent and translation-independent mechanisms. In fact, codon usage has been discovered to play an important role in controlling the speed of translation elongation during mRNA translation, as well as in regulating protein folding and function in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Additionally, studies show that intrinsically disordered domain structures are sensitive to codon usage. These disordered structures play a critical role in many biological processes and are sites for important post-translational modifications..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

In a class discussion format, the teacher presents background information about basic human genetics. The number of chromosomes in both body cells and egg and sperm cells is covered, as well as the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. Students determine whether or not they possess the dominant allele for the tongue-rolling gene as an example.

This video segment from the Secret of Life School Video: "Genetic Medicine: Tinkering with Our Genes" explores the potential for gene therapy to cure diseases like Alzheimer's.

This resource is a phenomenon-based adaption to the Smithsonian's STCMS Genes and Molecular Machines kit. The anchoring phenomenon event features four families (apple, hydra, human and sea star). Students will investigate and explore the genetic causes of why some families look similar and others look different. Students will use models to explain their thinking throughout the intentional sequence of lessons.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how a karyogram is createdExplain how nondisjunction leads to disorders in chromosome numberCompare disorders caused by aneuploidyDescribe how errors in chromosome structure occur through inversions and translocations

This presentation provides an introduction to methods used to identify genetic loci affecting diabetes and pre-diabetes traits. Furthermore we’ll discuss aspects that are important when choosing and considering different methods.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the similarities and differences between DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotesState the role of telomerase in DNA replication

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Research has identified remarkably effective treatments for breast cancer But translation of these results to all patients requires pharmacogenetic research using diverse patient populations Although tamoxifen has been used to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence for the past 40 years Little is known about how well the drug works in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) people A recent study focused on genetic variants of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP2D6, which is critical for tamoxifen activation Looking at AIAN participants in Alaska and Montana they identified common CYP2D6 variants in these populations that may affect tamoxifen metabolism Patients with these variants may not respond well to tamoxifen treatment and may benefit from alternative therapies This study highlights the key role of CYP2D6-mediated metabolism in tamoxifen response and suggests that considering genetic variation in diverse populations can help to improve the efficacy of breast cancer treatment We thank women from the Confed.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the process of epigenetic regulationDescribe how access to DNA is controlled by histone modification

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how the structure of DNA reveals the replication processDescribe the Meselson and Stahl experiments

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the role of transcription factors in gene regulationExplain how enhancers and repressors regulate gene expression