This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"New research published in the journal Anesthesiology provides fresh insights into how volatile anesthetics affect the central nervous system. Although anesthesia has been practiced for nearly 75 years, the precise cellular mechanisms driving anesthetic responses have remained ambiguous. Recent reports suggest mitochondria have a key role in the process, but prior research has only studied this connection in neurons. Now, researchers argue that astrocytes are also important, particularly when it comes to emergence from anesthesia. To reach this conclusion, the team produced a novel knockout mouse lacking the mitochondrial complex I gene known as Ndufs4. In the model, gene knockout is induced only in astrocytes of adult animals – the other cell types comprising the central nervous system retain functional copes of the gene. The result is astrocyte-specific mitochondrial dysfunction..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Continuing our look at the nervous system, we take a survey of the components of the central nervous system. Covered in this video: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem and the spinal cord.

Lesson 10 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13): http://youtu.be/sjbZ9QGyBi8

We start our look at the nervous system by looking at the divisions. We go over the central and peripheral nervous system. Looking further at the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system and finally the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Lesson 9 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13): http://youtu.be/sjbZ9QGyBi8

In this video we take a look at the functional areas of the brain. Specifically we talk about the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas. We touch briefly on the Broca's Area and Wernicke's area.

Lesson 13 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13): http://youtu.be/sjbZ9QGyBi8

We begin our study of the nervous system by introducing a few concepts and laying out the rest of the series. We look at the: Components of the nervous system and Functions of the nervous system.

Lesson 1 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13): http://youtu.be/sjbZ9QGyBi8

Continuing our look at the brain, we focus on the lobes of the cerebrum: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and the insular.

Lesson 12 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13

We continue our look at the Nervous System with the neuroglia cells: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglial cells and Ependyma.

Lesson 4 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13): http://youtu.be/sjbZ9QGyBi8

A quick look at the cerebrum, what it is and what it does. We will look at the parts of the cerebrum in more detail as we continue our Nervous System video series.

Lesson 11 in our Nervous System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
- Introduction (10:01): http://youtu.be/HX1bsdHLC58
- Neurons (10:02): http://youtu.be/-AcQI5MQhLU
- Classification of Neurons (10:03): http://youtu.be/PoqzDE_OLsQ
- Neuroglia Cells (10:04): http://youtu.be/stqdNMc6-Jk
- Before We Start (10:08): http://youtu.be/E8K_W8c_c-M
- Divisions of the Nervous System (10:09): http://youtu.be/kEJkYkF6nMc
- Components of the Central Nervous System (10:10): http://youtu.be/IwofyN198YU
- The Cerebrum (10:11): http://youtu.be/VLt3jigsMAU
- Lobes of the Cerebrum (10:12): http://youtu.be/Zc__B_sOA-Q
- Functional Areas of the Brain (10:13): http://youtu.be/sjbZ9QGyBi8

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor and represents a major health problem across the globe. Understanding how gliomas form has proven difficult, especially at the molecular level, but growing evidence points to the important roles played by non-coding RNAs, especially small non-coding RNAs that interact with PIWI proteins, or piRNAs. piRNAs execute functions associated with epigenetic reprogramming and can regulate transcription, translation, development, and mRNA stability. In fact, piRNAs have been detected in many types of cancer and are known to be involved in the development and spread of certain tumors. piRNAs are formed either through the “primary processing pathway” or the secondary “ping-pong cycle” pathway. In conjunction with PIWI proteins, piRNAs execute epigenetic regulation of genes by modifying histones. In this way, piRNAs can influence numerous molecular signaling pathways associated with the formation and spread of gliomas, including the PI3K/AKT and TNF signaling pathways..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systemsExplain the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systemsDifferentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Alzheimer’s disease and glioblastoma are the most common and devastating diseases in neurology and neurosurgery departments. In glioblastoma, the Alzheimer’s disease-related protein Presenilin1 limits cell proliferation by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, the function of this protein and the underlying mechanism are unclear. To learn more, researchers recently examined Presenilin1’s effects on glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Presenilin1 repressed glioblastoma cell migration, invasion, and mesenchymal transition in vitro. Interestingly, its expression was positively correlated with that of Sortilin, a pro-invasion molecule in glioma. Presenilin1 interacted with Sortilin at the transmembrane domain and inhibited its expression via cleavage, enabling β-catenin phosphorylation and repressing invasion in glioblastoma cells. In mouse subcutaneous and intracranial transplantation models, Presenilin1 stimulation dramatically reduced glioblastoma invasion and mesenchymal transition..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Psychology is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester introduction to psychology course. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. The text also includes coverage of the DSM-5 in examinations of psychological disorders. Psychology incorporates discussions that reflect the diversity within the discipline, as well as the diversity of cultures and communities across the globe.Senior Contributing AuthorsRose M. Spielman, Formerly of Quinnipiac UniversityContributing AuthorsKathryn Dumper, Bainbridge State CollegeWilliam Jenkins, Mercer UniversityArlene Lacombe, Saint Joseph's UniversityMarilyn Lovett, Livingstone CollegeMarion Perlmutter, University of Michigan

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systemsExplain the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systemsDifferentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Autophagy is the process by which healthy cells degrade and recycle waste material. Researchers are finding that this vital function is interrupted in different forms of cancer, including brain cancer. A new review describes how researchers are repairing broken autophagy pathways in tumors using microRNAs, or miRNAs. miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes— including autophagy. Understanding the molecular targets of miRNAs and their function is crucial, as it could lead to the development of new therapies for patients with brain tumors..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers have zeroed in on the neural structures most vulnerable to Zika virus. Given the devastating neurological effects linked to the virus, their findings could go a long way toward explaining how Zika first takes hold of its host—namely, the developing human fetus. In their study, published in the journal _Acta Neuropathologica Communications_, the researchers infected different types of neural cells extracted from mouse embryos. Because it was unclear which part of the nervous system Zika is most likely to attack, they collected cells from both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, a catch-all for nerves lying beyond the brain and spinal cord. And to help ensure they could see the virus in action, for each normal cell they gathered, they also gathered a less defensive one deliberately lacking a virus-fighting immune response. After a few days, some cells had clearly fared better than others..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Proteins in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family are known to regulate the immune system in cancers, and trials targeting these proteins are currently being conducted. However, the TNF family profile in glioma, the most common cancer originating in the adult central nervous system, is unclear. A recent study analyzed the TNF family profile and clinical characteristics of 1749 glioma cases using data from four public datasets. The expression levels of most TNF family members were positively correlated in the gliomas and were linked to patients’ overall survival. A TNF family signature was identified based on the expression levels in 702 of the cases and validated in the other cases, and a prognostic model was developed to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival for individual patients with glioma. The TNF family-based signature was related to clinical, molecular and genetic characteristics of the patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Craniopharyngiomas are among the most common calcified tumors in the central nervous system. Although calcification is known to complicate tumor removal, especially in the delicate central nervous system, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. A recent study examined the calcification of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Using cultured primary cells, the researchers induced calcification with the protein Bmp2. Calcified cells had elevated expression of the histone deacetylase HDAC3. Paradoxically, however, inhibiting HDAC3 activity increased calcification and differentiation into osteoblasts. Researchers discovered that this disconnect between HDAC3 expression and its activity came down to its cellular location. Bmp2, it turned out, was blocking HDAC3 from relocating to the nucleus. Bmp2 blocked relocation indirectly by increasing the expression of the microRNA miR-181b. miR-181b decreased the expression of the protein CBX4, which normally stabilizes the nuclear localization of HDAC3..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.