In this lecture, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes pulmonary health effects in the human population. The pulmonary health effects include exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), increased risk of lower
respiratory tracts infections and lung cancer.

Newly revised in 2012! This easy-to-read booklet is perfect for teachers, coaches, and families who want to help students with asthma take part in sports and physical activities. Discusses how to help students control their asthma and follow an asthma action plan. Also explains how to manage asthma triggers, ensure students have access to their asthma medicines, recognize worsening asthma symptoms and take action, and modify activities based on a childs asthma status. Includes sample asthma action plans and information about using a peak flow meter, metered-dose inhaler, and dry powder inhaler.

This patient education program explains asthma including the causes, symptoms, and treatment of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Microbes are all around us. With around the same number of bacteria as cells in each human body, our microbiomes are constantly interacting with microbes in the surrounding environment. And indoor environmental microbes can influence our health, affecting allergies, asthma, and other health conditions. To better characterize indoor microbial communities, researchers conducted an environmental assessment as part of an epidemiologic study of 50 elementary schools in a large city in the United States. They identified more than 2,000 bacterial species in floor dust collected from 500 classrooms. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and interestingly, the genus Halospirulina was reported for the first time in a classroom sample. Outdoor-associated and gram-negative bacteria were more abundant in classroom floor dust compared to homes, where human-associated and gram-positive bacteria are more abundant..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how the structures of the lungs and thoracic cavity control the mechanics of breathingExplain the importance of compliance and resistance in the lungsDiscuss problems that may arise due to a V/Q mismatch

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"For the first time, scientists have figured out how to grow and extend the life of primary airway epithelial cells from newborns and young children. These cells line our nasal passages and lungs, protecting us from pathogens, and controlling our immune responses to allergens. Differences in these cells may help explain why certain infants develop wheezing and asthma later in life, but studying them has been challenging because they are difficult to obtain in babies and usually die in culture after dividing a few times. Now, researchers at Children’s National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. and George Washington University have devised a way to reprogram pediatric airway epithelial cells so that they survive, creating a new model to study respiratory disorders that take hold early in life. The team collected airway epithelial cells from 23 donors, including newborns, infants and young children..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Since World War II, the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and rhinitis have increased dramatically around the globe but not at the same rate everywhere. Data suggests that these diseases occur more frequently in urban than in rural areas. To understand why, researchers analyzed the microbial makeup of classroom vacuum dust from nine high schools in China. Their findings revealed significant differences in microbial makeup between urban and rural schools. Urban schools were rich in species from Betaproteobactera, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacilli, while rural schools were dominated by species from Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria. Importantly, urban schools were more abundant in potential disease-causing pathogens, whereas rural schools showed DNA evidence of substances that combat inflammatory disease in the human gut. This is the first time researchers have used the tools of microbial metagenomics to compare indoor spaces..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Edited for Human Breathing OnlyBy the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how the structures of the lungs and thoracic cavity control the mechanics of breathingExplain the importance of compliance and resistance in the lungsDiscuss problems that may arise due to a V/Q mismatch

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The severity of allergic airway diseases, such as asthma, is affected by the interaction between genetics and the gut microbiome. Probiotic supplements are widely used and can alter the gut microbiome, but whether they can help prevent or alleviate allergic airway inflammation is unclear. The current study investigated the effects of gut microbiome modulation in two strains of mice: C57BL/6 mice and mice with increased susceptibility to airway inflammation (A/J mice). The susceptible A/J mice had less diverse gut microbiomes than the C57BL/6 mice and treatment with an acetate-producing probiotic altered the levels of certain bacteria differently in the different mouse strains. After airway inflammation was chemically induced, probiotic administration helped alleviate inflammation only in the susceptible A/J strain, partly by increasing acetate levels..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Psychology is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester introduction to psychology course. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. The text also includes coverage of the DSM-5 in examinations of psychological disorders. Psychology incorporates discussions that reflect the diversity within the discipline, as well as the diversity of cultures and communities across the globe.Senior Contributing AuthorsRose M. Spielman, Formerly of Quinnipiac UniversityContributing AuthorsKathryn Dumper, Bainbridge State CollegeWilliam Jenkins, Mercer UniversityArlene Lacombe, Saint Joseph's UniversityMarilyn Lovett, Livingstone CollegeMarion Perlmutter, University of Michigan

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the nature of psychophysiological disordersDescribe the immune system and how stress impacts its functioningDescribe how stress and emotional factors can lead to the development and exacerbation of cardiovascular disorders, asthma, and tension headaches

In this Spanish 3 lesson students will use prior knowledge from a variety of previous units to access information in articles from Spanish Speaking countries and government agencies to learn about how climate change affects respiratory health and what some countries are doing to mitigate the harm.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Inhalable medications for patients with asthma and COPD can be confusing for patients and prescribers alike. The sheer variety of devices alone makes choosing the right one difficult. But among the different types currently available, one that’s proven highly valuable for nearly all patients with asthma or COPD is the dry powder inhaler. In an article recently published in the journal Advances in Therapy, researchers discuss how dry powder inhalers work, what makes them stand out, and what patients and prescribers should look for in a device. The active drug in dry powder inhalers is composed of microparticles loaded onto larger carrier particles. The inhalers’ unique internal design converts patient’s inhalation into shear forces that deagglomerate the drug particles from carriers. The drug particles are transported deep into the lung, while the larger carrier particles cling to the back of the throat and are eventually swallowed. This reliance on a powdered formula is a desirable feature..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students are introduced to the concepts of air pollution and air quality. The three lesson parts focus on the prerequisites for understanding air pollution. First, students use M&Ms to create a pie graph that expresses their understanding of the composition of air. Next, students watch and conduct several simple experiments to develop an understanding of the properties of air (it has mass, it takes up space, it can move, it exerts pressure, it can do work). Finally, students develop awareness and understanding of the daily air quality using the Air Quality Index (AQI) listed in the newspaper. In an associated literacy activity, students explore the environmental history timeline.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Growing up with siblings has many impacts on a child’s development and health, and previous studies suggest that this includes influencing their beneficial microbial communities. But a recent study examined these impacts directly, assessing the airway and gut microbiotas of nearly 700 children. In the COPSAC2010 cohort, the researchers followed the children from one week to six years of age. and found that the presence of siblings was among the most important factors influencing the composition of both microbial communities. This effect was most apparent in the first year of life, and while the number of older siblings had an impact, the age gap to the closest older sibling was a much stronger influence. It has previously been suggested that the microbial impact of siblings may reduce the incidence of ‘atopic diseases’ like asthma, allergy, and eczema, and in this study, having a sibling-influenced gut microbiota at one year old corresponded to reduced risk of asthma at six years old..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.