This is an extension activity after discussing cancer or lead into discussing about student choices. Essential QuestionsStudents will be able to to describe behaviors lead to skin cancer and how can it be prevented.Students will be able to explain the risk and reward behaviors.  

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Some proteins are central to many cell signaling processes. One of these key molecules is AKT2. An important kinase involved in cell survival, growth, and metabolism, it has ties to insulin-induced signaling and cancer. AKT2 has a critical role in immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages; however, although AKT2 is expressed in antibody-producing immune cells called B cells, its function in B cells isn’t clear. In a recent study, researchers sought to understand the role of AKT2 in B cells using AKT2-deficient mice. They found that mice lacking AKT2 had impaired B-cell differentiation. B cells from these mice were not able to form a cluster of molecules called a signalosome in response to B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, resulting in poor BCR signaling and impaired B cell activation and spreading. These results suggest that as a central orchestrator of signaling, AKT2 function is critical for proper BCR signaling and B cell development, ensuring a functional antibody-mediated immune response..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The transcription factor ATF5 plays a vital role in the formation of several cancers, including breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, rectal, and liver cancer. But ATF5’s function in esophageal cancer—one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide—remains unclear. To find out, researchers monitored the activity of ATF5 in esophageal cancer tissues. Much like in other cancers, ATF5 was upregulated in esophageal cancer tissues cultured in the lab, and ATF5 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of esophageal cancer cells. Silencing ATF5, however, inhibited these abilities. In fact, in mice, silencing ATF5 hampered tumor growth. ATF5’s role as a lever that triggers tumor growth is believed to occur through an interaction with HIF1, a protein complex also known to promote the growth and spread of tumors. These findings suggest that the known anti-cancer effects of silencing ATF5 might also be powerful against esophageal cancer..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood and bone marrow cancer with a low survival rate. One reason AML is so deadly is because it can evade the immune system, in part by downregulating proteins like MICA, which normally marks damaged or cancerous cells in the body for immune destruction. To improve treatment prospects, researchers recently searched for molecules that can restore MICA levels in AML cells. They found that the transcription factor KFL4 is involved in MICA expression. In addition, treating cultured AML cells with the KLF4-activating compound APTO253 successfully induced MICA expression, while inhibiting the expression of the cancer gene MYC. These changes made the AML cells more susceptible to being killed by immune cells. Although studies in animals and humans are still needed, these findings reveal that APTO253 can improve immune cells’ ability to detect and kill AML cells and suggest that targeting KFL4/MICA is a promising option for AML treatment..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Chemotherapy failure is a devastating problem that frequently results from cancer multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is often due to overexpression of proteins called ABC transporters, which can pump chemotherapy drugs out of cancer cells. However, there are currently no effective treatments for MDR. A new study tested whether adagrasib (MRTX849), a promising anticancer drug targeting a mutant KRAS protein, can help fight MDR in cancer cell lines overexpressing the ABC transporter ABCB1 and in mice with ABCB1-overexpressing tumors. Both in vitro and in vivo, adagrasib increased the anticancer efficacy of conventional chemotherapy drugs. Adagrasib did not change the expression level or location of ABCB1 in the cells to exert its MDR- reversing effects. Rather, it suppressed the ability of ABCB1 to pump the drugs out of the cancer cells, likely by preventing binding of the energy molecule ATP, which normally powers the transporter’s pumping action..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Metastasis is the leading cause of breast cancer-related death, but traditional Chinese medicines such as Aiduqing (ADQ) can help prevent it. ADQ is known to target caveolin-1, CXCL1-mediated autophagy, and matrix metalloproteinase-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition, but it remains unclear whether it also modulates tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)/CXCL1 activity to remodel the tumor microenvironment. To find out, researchers recently examined the effects of ADQ in mice and cultured cells. In mice, ADQ significantly reduced xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis without causing toxicity. ADQ also remodeled the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Mechanistic studies revealed that ADQ reduced CXCL1 expression and secretion from TAMs to suppress CD4+ T cell chemotaxis and Treg differentiation, thus increasing CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Certain gut microbes and their metabolites contribute to the progression of benign colorectal adenoma (CRA) into colorectal cancer (CRC), but the specific microbes, metabolites, and mechanisms involved are unclear. To learn more, researchers recently analyzed stool samples from patients with CRA or CRC and normal control (NC) subjects. The levels of certain stool metabolites significantly differed among the groups. For example, myristic acid and norvaline became more abundant with progression from health to CRC. The CRC-associated metabolites were largely branched- chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids and were involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways. A metabolite “signature” distinguished CRC samples from NC samples and CRC samples from CRA samples and the relationships among CRC-related metabolites and gut bacteria differed in the different sample types..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Glioma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer. Among patients with the highest grade of glioma, fewer than 6% survive up to 5 years after diagnosis. Interestingly, glioma is extremely rare in one large population of patients patients with Alzheimer’s disease. That suggests that an anti-glioma molecule could play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer’s. In a recent study, researchers assessed one possible candidate: presenilin-1. Presenilin-1 is a protein that assists the formation of amyloid beta, the main component of the hallmark plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s. Experiments showed that high presenilin-1 levels in glioma tissue from patients correlated with low tumor proliferation. Closer examination revealed that presenilin-1 kept cancer from spreading by preventing tumor cells from replicating their DNA. This mechanism could explain the poor prognosis of glioma patients with low levels of presenilin-1..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Apoptosis is a form of cell death that occurs as part of normal development. Once considered irreversible, apoptosis might not mark the end for all cells—including cancer cells. Growing evidence suggests that cancer cells can be rescued from the brink of death through a process called anastasis, which could explain how tumors resist anticancer therapies. From the Greek for “resurrection,” anastasis can occur through a variety of mechanisms, such as by arresting the activity of caspases, enzymes in charge of dismantling the cell during apoptosis by activating DNA repair mechanisms and by allowing cell fragments to fuse and continue living even after apoptosis has begun. Further studies are needed to explore how cancer cells cheat death through anastasis and how to adjust anticancer therapies accordingly..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Anatomy and Physiology is a dynamic textbook for the two-semester human anatomy and physiology course for life science and allied health majors. The book is organized by body system and covers standard scope and sequence requirements. Its lucid text, strategically constructed art, career features, and links to external learning tools address the critical teaching and learning challenges in the course. The web-based version of Anatomy and Physiology also features links to surgical videos, histology, and interactive diagrams.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Malignant renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 2% of cancer cases worldwide, and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most common subtype. Tumor angiogenesis is an important prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for KIRC. However, the specific angiogenesis subtypes in KIRC and their epigenetic regulation mechanisms are not well defined. In a recent multi-omics study, researchers analyzed these subtypes in patients using published molecular datasets. Angiogenesis scores calculated based on a 189-gene molecular signature were correlated with several prognostic indicators in over 500 patients. The five genes that contributed most to the scores (MMRN2, CLEC14A, ACVRL1, EFNB2, and TEK) were also associated with overall survival. Clustering analysis based on 183 of the signature genes identified two angiogenesis subtypes among the patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Radiation is a powerful therapy for fighting cancer. But it can prove toxic to tissues in the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract, a condition known as acute radiation syndrome. In 2017, researchers discovered that transplanting fecal matter from healthy mice to mice with acute radiation syndrome can alleviate radiation toxicity. To find out how, the researchers analyzed fecal pellets from mice receiving radiation to treat tumors. They discovered elevated levels of indole 3-propionic acid, or IPA, a protective antioxidant produced by microbes in the gut, suggesting that IPA is lost following exposure to radiation. Administering IPA orally to irradiated mice recouped this loss. and produced notable improvements in the spleen and thymus of mice with acute radiation syndrome without accelerating tumor growth. The evidence suggests that administering IPA could be a safe way to prevent acute radiation syndrome during radiotherapy without requiring fecal matter transplantation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students explore Hooke's law while working in small groups at their lab benches. They collect displacement data for springs with unknown spring constants, k, by adding various masses of known weight. After exploring Hooke's law and answering a series of application questions, students apply their new understanding to explore a tissue of known surface area. Students then use the necessary relationships to depict a cancerous tumor amidst normal tissue by creating a graph in Microsoft Excel.

This is a Tug of War activity to spur the conversation about the controversy of the potential danger of cell phone usage. Prior to this, the students would have learned about the structure and energy of electromagnetic radiation.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Despite their known benefits, chemotherapy and other cancer treatments can take a toll on patients. Side effects such as hair loss, nausea, immune system suppression, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and infertility are common. The reason is that many cancer-fighting treatments target cells that quickly reproduce, which is true of cancer cells but also of other, healthy cells in the body, including blood cells and those lining the gastrointestinal tract. Is it possible to target only cancerous tissues with therapeutic drugs so that healthy organs remain unaffected? Researchers at the RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research in Japan are engineering molecules to do just that. The team showed that artificially designed gold-based enzymes (or metalloenzymes) can be used to guide drug delivery through a technique called selective cell tagging therapy. These metalloenzymes are studded with sugar molecules that can bind to specific proteins called lectins displayed on the surface of cancer cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Consuming high amounts of red meat is commonly linked to an increased risk of developing cancer, especially colorectal cancer. At the same time, antibodies against Neu5Gc , a carbohydrate derived from red meat, have been observed to worsen cancer in “human-like” mice. While these antibodies and red meat consumption are each believed to increase cancer risk, it remains unknown how diet affects the antibodies. Now, research suggests that consuming Neu5Gc from red meat and dairy can modulate the amounts and properties of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in humans, providing clues to how the carbohydrate might be linked to cancer. The team behind the study calculated daily intake of Neu5Gc for more than 19,000 subjects aged 18 years or older. These participants provided regular logs of food consumed over 24-hour periods as part of the NutriNet-Santé study, which was designed to investigate relationships between nutrition and health status..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Two important hallmarks of the disease are faulty tumor suppressor genes and altered composition of the community of microbes that live in the colon. That prompted researchers to explore whether there is a connection between the two. They examined 33 tissue samples from patients with colorectal cancer. Protein-assisted DNA sequencing revealed the prominence of Fusobacterium nucleatum, pathogenic bacteria associated with gum disease, and Hungatella hathewayi, rod-shaped bacteria with no substantial track record of causing disease. Further experiments showed that these bacteria can actually mute genes that normally suppress cancer, promoting the spread of colorectal cancer cells. The findings are unexpected evidence that bacteria in the colon can regulate genes linked to cancer suppression and reveal at least a few targets for anti-cancer therapy..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The transcription factor Nrf2 plays paradoxical roles in cancer biology. Transient Nrf2 activation can protect against cancer development, but permanent Nrf2 activation promotes progression and treatment resistance. Persistent activation can be triggered by Keap1-inactivating mutations that cause Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and/or by mutations in the ETGE and DLG motifs of Nrf2, which are important regions for Nrf2–Keap1 interaction. Epigenetic silencing of Keap1 and disruption of the Nrf2–Keap1 interaction by other proteins can also aberrantly activate Nrf2. Given the detrimental effects of excessive activation, pharmacologically balancing Nrf2 activity is a promising avenue for cancer treatment. Numerous Nrf2 activators have been discovered or developed, such as the synthetic compound oltipraz (OPZ) and the plant-derived compound curcumin (CUR). In general, Nrf2 activators can promote the functions of antioxidants, phase II detoxification factors, and transducers..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.