Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe epithelial tissuesDiscuss the different types of connective tissues in animalsDescribe three types of muscle tissuesDescribe nervous tissue

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the passage of air from the outside environment to the lungsExplain how the lungs are protected from particulate matter

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"One of the biggest challenges in orthopedic surgery are deep osteochondral defects in the knee arising from adolescent osteochondritis dissecans or spontaneous osteonecrosis. Many surgical techniques can help manage these conditions, but those yielding the best results aren’t clear. One promising option is transplantation of a patient’s own bone tissue or cartilage cells to a site of injury. Researchers have now compared two such transplantation techniques – autologous bone grafting and the autologous chondrocyte implantation “sandwich” technique – to understand how to best help knee tissue heal. Both methods start much like how a dental cavity is treated. First, a high-speed bur is used to remove injured bone until healthy bone is reached. In autologous bone grafting, the defect is then packed with a patients’ own bone chips, and the graft surface is secured with sutures if needed. These steps are performed while a tourniquet is applied to the leg..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Our biological clock regulates everything from our body temperature to our eating habits. So much so that anything that throws it off beat could allow diseases to set in, including osteoarthritis. Muscle, bone, cartilage, and the tissue in between are reported to have regular rhythms that maintain joint health, and studies suggest that disturbances in the genes that regulate these rhythms could make symptoms of osteoarthritis worse. These disturbances affect the cells responsible for creating cartilage, increasing their breakdown while slowing their buildup. They lead to abnormal remodeling of bone tissue. They cause muscle fibers to age faster and become weaker. And they lead to inflammation in surrounding tissue, which aggravates joint pain and damage. Research that examines the relationship between rhythmic disturbances and osteoarthritis could lead to new ways of understanding joint degeneration and could inspire the development of new drugs that target the mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Anterior shoulder instability is frequently linked to changes in the glenohumeral joint, including bone and cartilage lesions. But the independent factors associated with lesion occurrence aren’t well known. To address this gap, researchers from the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network, or MOON, Shoulder Group have compared the demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, and intraoperative findings of patients undergoing primary or revision shoulder stabilization surgery. Their results should help orthopedic surgeons better anticipate the likelihood of encountering bone loss and cartilaginous defects during surgery, which could improve treatment. The team performed a cross-sectional study of data from 545 participants enrolled in the MOON Shoulder Group database. Demographic data and patient-reported outcomes were collected preoperatively using standard questionnaires, and intraoperative findings were contributed by 25 orthopedic surgeons practicing at 11 United States institutions..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students use wood, wax paper and oil to investigate the importance of lubrication between materials and to understand the concept of friction. Using wax paper and oil placed between pieces of wood, the function of lubricants between materials is illustrated. Students extend their understanding of friction to bones and joints in the skeletal system and become aware of what engineers can do to help reduce friction in the human body as well as in machines.

This animation describes the process of cartilage formation starting with separation from the mesenchymal tissue to the formation of an isogenous cell group via mitosis.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the passage of air from the outside environment to the lungsExplain how the lungs are protected from particulate matter

In this video we take a closer look at the histology and function of Elastic Cartilage.

Lesson 4 in our Joints and Articulations series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
-Introduction to Joints and Articulations (08:01): http://youtu.be/DJcMQQ-u04I
-Hyaline Cartilage (08:02): http://youtu.be/g8RW8HfUNEM
-Fibrocartilage (08:03): http://youtu.be/N6t7hqDcmlE
-Elastic Cartilage (08:04): http://youtu.be/yNOzgwx4r5w
-Joint Fundamentals (08:05): http://youtu.be/urxeIGf4Olk
-Classification Structure (08:06): http://youtu.be/9xSXGZQqpcw
-Synovial Joint Movements (08:11): http://youtu.be/-GCgaoRdeaU

In this video take a closer look at the histology and function of fibrocartilage.

Lesson 3 in our Joints and Articulations series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
-Introduction to Joints and Articulations (08:01): http://youtu.be/DJcMQQ-u04I
-Hyaline Cartilage (08:02): http://youtu.be/g8RW8HfUNEM
-Fibrocartilage (08:03): http://youtu.be/N6t7hqDcmlE
-Elastic Cartilage (08:04): http://youtu.be/yNOzgwx4r5w
-Joint Fundamentals (08:05): http://youtu.be/urxeIGf4Olk
-Classification Structure (08:06): http://youtu.be/9xSXGZQqpcw
-Synovial Joint Movements (08:11): http://youtu.be/-GCgaoRdeaU

In this video we look at the histology and function of hyaline cartilage.

Lesson 2 in our Joints and Articulations series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
-Introduction to Joints and Articulations (08:01): http://youtu.be/DJcMQQ-u04I
-Hyaline Cartilage (08:02): http://youtu.be/g8RW8HfUNEM
-Fibrocartilage (08:03): http://youtu.be/N6t7hqDcmlE
-Elastic Cartilage (08:04): http://youtu.be/yNOzgwx4r5w
-Joint Fundamentals (08:05): http://youtu.be/urxeIGf4Olk
-Classification Structure (08:06): http://youtu.be/9xSXGZQqpcw
-Synovial Joint Movements (08:11): http://youtu.be/-GCgaoRdeaU

In this video we look at the basics of joints and articulations.

Lesson 1 in our Joints and Articulations series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.

If this video helps you please be sure to LST -like subscribe and tell your friends. Your support help us make more videos. For the complete series please visit http://mrfordsclass.net/

Videos in the skeletal system series:
-Introduction to Joints and Articulations (08:01): http://youtu.be/DJcMQQ-u04I
-Hyaline Cartilage (08:02): http://youtu.be/g8RW8HfUNEM
-Fibrocartilage (08:03): http://youtu.be/N6t7hqDcmlE
-Elastic Cartilage (08:04): http://youtu.be/yNOzgwx4r5w
-Joint Fundamentals (08:05): http://youtu.be/urxeIGf4Olk
-Classification Structure (08:06): http://youtu.be/9xSXGZQqpcw
-Synovial Joint Movements (08:11): http://youtu.be/-GCgaoRdeaU

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Synovitis is one of the most common and serious musculoskeletal diseases in horses, causing osteoarthritis and lameness. While available pharmaceutical treatments can reduce joint pain and inflammation, they are expensive and unable to prevent disease progression. Recently, researchers have started looking toward fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) for the development of new treatment options. FLS are cells that produce lubricating proteins to protect cartilage from injury, But they lose their protective features and begin to produce inflammatory chemicals in horses with synovitis and ultimately cause the failure of the FLS mitochondrial machinery, cell death, and joint degeneration. A team of researchers thus transferred healthy mitochondria from immune cells into FLS to determine whether doing so could restore FLS function. They found decreases in cell proliferation and death after mitochondrial transfer as well as a reduction in the production of inflammatory proteins..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Osteoarthritis is a painful degradation of joint cartilage. Therapies that boost cartilage's limited ability to repair using adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have shown promise in cell culture and animal studies, but that success has not carried over to clinical trials. This variability in clinical trials may come down to how the cells are cultured prior to implantation. To test this, a recent study examined a co-culture system combining ASCs taken from the fat pad behind the patella and cartilage cells (chondrocytes). Co-cultured ASCs and chondrocytes had higher expression of cartilage-associated genes than expected, and the effect was larger in cultures with a lower ratio of ASCs to chondrocytes. This gene expression change likely reflects changes in the ASCs and would suggest that the ASCs are starting to make the molecular changes needed to repair damaged cartilage, but increased expression in the chondrocytes, rather than the ASCs, cannot be ruled out without further experiments..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new preclinical animal model study has identified biomarker panels that might be useful predictors and indicators of outcomes after meniscus allograft transplantation, or MAT. These biomarkers may enable real-time assessment of graft survival after surgery. The findings are published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine. Meniscal tears and degeneration—or partial meniscectomy surgeries intended to alleviate these issues—can cause meniscal deficiency. In meniscal deficiency, lack of a complete meniscus increases stress to the knee joint, contributing to pain, dysfunction, and osteoarthritis. Restoring the meniscus through strategies like MAT can prevent these issues. However, there are currently no methods for predicting and evaluating MAT graft success or failure in real time. To help develop such a method, researchers searched for biomarkers of MAT outcomes in a dog model. First, they induced meniscal deficiency in dogs through arthroscopic medial meniscal release surgery..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Knee problems such as instability of the kneecap and arthritis can be telltale signs that it’s time for surgery. But they’re not the only ones. A new study suggests that focal lesions of the cartilage that cushions the kneecap, or patella, and of the trochlea, the groove where the patella rests, are just as important and can have similar causes. Understanding how these lesions are related to knee alignment and morphology could help clinicians develop more tailored and durable treatments. Researchers reached that conclusion after comparing the knee anatomy of 135 patients with focal patellofemoral cartilage lesions, but no arthritis, to that of 100 patients with normal cartilage. Using M-R-I, they assessed features including patellar morphology, trochlear morphology, patellar malalignment, and the quadriceps vector. Patients with patellofemoral lesions showed greater trochlear dysplasia and patellar malalignment than those in the control group..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.