This collection uses primary sources to explore The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin. Digital Public Library of America Primary Source Sets are designed to help students develop their critical thinking skills and draw diverse material from libraries, archives, and museums across the United States. Each set includes an overview, ten to fifteen primary sources, links to related resources, and a teaching guide. These sets were created and reviewed by the teachers on the DPLA's Education Advisory Committee.

Copyright 1875 by J.W. Shiveley, Alexandria, Va. Endicott & Co. Lith. 57 Beekman St. N.Y.|Promotional print published to advertize a pamphlet, Lectures by the first candidate out for President of the United States in 1876 / by J.W. Shiveley of Alexandria, Virigina.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)

A patriotic broadside illustrated with emblems of the United States composed chiefly of typographic elements. A large central framework incorporates a small "Temple of Freedom" surmounted by a small Liberty figure, and containing the words "The Federal Constitution." On each side are oval bust portraits of Presidents (left to right) Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison. Above them are small vignettes representing (on the left) Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, the "immoveable pillars of the Independence of our country," and (on the right) Commerce, "a strong support to our national edifice." In the upper section of the framework are the seal of the United States and a listing of the names of the seventeen states with their 1810 census figures. Various quotations and brief texts are included, the longest of which are an account of George Washington's resignation of his commission, a description of the geography, government, and people of the United States, and the song "Columbia" written by "Dr. Dwight, President of Yale College."|Entered . . . the Fifteenth Day of January, 1812, by Jonathan Clark, of Albany, New-York.|Printed by and for the Authors, at the Press of R. Packard, no. 51 State-Street, Albany.|The broadside is purported to be the eighth edition, of June 1812, and "Executed with American Materials."|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1812-1.

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865 by H. & W. Voight in the Clerks Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. Published by H. & W. Voight. Lith. by Kimmel & Forster, 254 & 256 Canal St. N.Y.|Inscribed in ink lower right: March 31 1865.|Stamped lower left: Copyright Library May 5 1865.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)

A facetious, and somewhat racist, look at public opinion surrounding the controversy over American fishing rights in British-controlled waters off North America. (See also "John Bull's Fish Monopoly," no. 1852-4.) Four men, all stereotypes, debate the issue and agree on American claims to the rights. A Yankee (seated, far left) motions with his cigar and declares, "I go in for liberty to ketch all the fish I want--I've been in the fish bizness myself and sold porgies for two year on the Avenue." A knock-kneed black man in a wide-brimmed hat and patched trousers agrees, "Ah dat's it Boss! Den you knows all about it ob course. I neber sold porgies, but I hab opened clams and biled lobster. & I tink the freedom ob the seas belongs to us--I does for sartain." To emphasize the point, he stabs the palm of his hand with his forefinger. A Dutchman smoking a large meerschaum pipe adds, "Vell den vot shall I told der British? I shall said go to der duyvil mit your dreaties! Codfish shall pe more goot as de dreaties--I shall ketch de fish & you was ketch de dreaties, py Dam!" At far right stands a bewhiskered Irishman, his hand resting on what appears to be a butter-churn(?). He concludes, "Arrah be aisy now! Only put little Frank Pierce [i.e., Democratic presidential nominee Franklin Pierce] in the chair and he'll settle the question in a jiffy." The collection of character types as well as the drawing style in the print are recognizable as the work of Edward Williams Clay. Compare it, for instance, with his "Seven Stages of the Office-Seeker" and "Ultimatum on the Oregon Question (nos.&1 1852-8 and 1846-1). Reference to the candidacy of Franklin Pierce suggests that the cartoon appeared during the summer of 1852, when public concern over the issue peaked.|Probably drawn by Edward Williams Clay.|Pubd. by John Childs, 84 Nassau St. N.Y.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 106.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1852-5.

A patriotic sheet music cover for a Unionist song written by Gen. W. H. Hayward, composed and arranged by Prof. C. S. Root, and dedicated to Wilson G. Horner, Esq. Columbia, wearing a liberty cap and carrying an American flag and a sword, rides on the back of a flying bald eagle. On either side of the title panel are military trophies composed of crossed flags, shields, swords, bayonets, and other paraphernalia. The trophy on the right incorporates a pickax and spade. Below are cannons, cannonballs, sacks and barrels of powder, and a drum and drumsticks.|Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co. Lith.|Published by A.C. Peters & Bro., no. 94, West Fourth Str., opposite the Post Office, St. Louis|The Library's copy of the music sheet was deposited for copyright on December 30, 1862.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1862-16.

Another copy, slightly different image was deposited for copyright on May 21, 1851 (M1 .A13 W; LC-USZ62-91835).|Caption card tracings: Shelf.|Copyright by William Hall & Son; lithograph by H. Hoff, N.Y.|LOT subdivision subject: Emblems and Symbols.|No known restrictions on reproduction.|Tinted.|Title and other information transcribed from caption card.|Title appears as it is written on the item.

A patriotic allegory illustrating the cover of sheet music for a song composed by William Vincent Wallace with words by George P. Morris. The theme of the indissoluble union of North and South is evoked here, no doubt in the context of debate over the Compromise of 1850. The artist expresses the concept by two female figures, crowned with diadems, standing together on a globe and holding the staff of a large American flag. The arm of the North (left) encircles the neck of the maiden representing the South. Before them is a large eagle, his talons gripping thunderbolts and his breast emblazoned with the word "Union." The eagle's wings spread to enframe the lower half of the oval picture. The upper half is ringed with stars. Into the distance stretch two great rivers, past large cities, toward rising mountains.|Entered . . . 1851 by Wm. Hall & Son. |Lith of H. Hoff N.Y.|One of the Library's copies of the music-sheet was deposited for copyright on May 21, 1851. Another copy, slightly different image, is in P&P LOT 10615-34 (LC-USZ62-17449).|Published by Wm. Hall & Son 239, Broadway. New York. |Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1851-2.

South Carolina struggles against the outgoing Buchanan administration in an attempt to "smash the Union up!" The artist uses the age-old pictorial conceit of two parties pulling on the different ends of a cow, while a man in the middle (in this case identified as "Georgia") happily milks the beast. The cow is emblazoned with the statement, "The Union. I have a good Constitution, and can stand a pretty strong pull!" The cartoon no doubt refers to South Carolina governor Francis Pickens's attempts early in 1861 to attract other Southern states to the secessionist cause. The artist clearly sympathizes with James Buchanan's efforts to preserve the Union. As Pickens expresses his intent Buchanan vows, "Not if I can prevent it governor!" The cow also speaks, "Governor, if you pull too hard on my tail, I'll kick you into the Atlantic Ocean." Toombs chimes in, "Pull away boys!! Georgia will get the cream of this joke!!" as he draws milk into a pail labeled "City of Savannah." The artist may be referring to Georgia's exploitation of the conflict to seize federal Fort Pulaski at Savannah on January 3. (Georgia's perfidy is cited again in "The Southern Confederacy A Fact!!!," no. 1861-22.) Although the print has no imprint it is, as Weitenkampf asserts, clearly the work of Currier & Ives.|Published by Currier & Ives, New York.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Gale, no. 2256.|Weitenkampf, p. 128.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1861-5.

Food! is a freely available community research guide developed by the Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC) in partnership with the InterAcademy Partnership as part of the Smithsonian Science for Global Goals project. These Smithsonian Science for Global Goals community research guides use the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a framework to focus on sustainable actions that are defined and implemented by students.

Food! is a module broken up into seven parts. Each part contains a series of tasks to complete. Each task contains additional resources to support that task. We have provided a suggested order for the parts and tasks. However, the structure of the guide hopefully allows you to customize your learning experience by selecting which parts, tasks, and resources you would like to utilize and in what order you would like to complete them.

A figurative portrayal of the presidential race of 1824. A crowd of cheering citizens watch as candidates (left to right) John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson stride toward the finish. Henry Clay has dropped from the race and stands, hand on head, on the far right saying, "D--n it I cant save my distance--so I may as well "draw up."" He is consoled by a man in riding clothes, "Well dont distress yourself--there'll be some scrubbing by & by & then you'll have a chance." Assorted comments come from the crowd, reflecting various sectional and partisan views. A Westerner with stovepipe hat and powder horn: "Hurra for our Jacks-"son."" Former President John Adams: "Hurra for our son "Jack."" Two men in coachmen's livery: "That inne-track fellow [Crawford] goes so well; that I think he must have got the better of the bots [boss?]." and "Like enough; but betwixt you & I--I dont think he'll ever get the better of the "Quinsy."" A ragged Irishman: "Blast my eyes if I dont "venter" a "small" horn of rotgut on that "bald filly" in the middle [Adams]." A Frenchman: "Ah hah! Mon's Neddy I tink dat kick on de "back of you side" is worse den have no dinner de fourt of july." In the left background is a platform and an inaugural scene, the "Presidential Chair" with a purse "|(Swann Fund Purchase)|Crackfardi Delt. et Sct. (David Claypool Johnston, Boston).|The print probably appeared late in the election campaign, as Weitenkampf cites an impression in the New York Public Library with the copyright legend "Entered . . . Oct. 6, 1824." The Library's impression has only the title and signature.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Century, p. 32-33.|Johnson, no. 41.|Murrell, p. 106, 108.|Weitenkampf, p. 21.|Purchase; Caroline and Erwin Swann Memorial Fund.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1824-4.

The race for a $25,000 prize (the president's salary) is a metaphor for the 1844 campaign. The favored contender here is Henry Clay. The other runners are James K. Polk and John Tyler, while commentaries are offered by a farmer, vice presidential candidate Theodore Frelinghuysen, and Whig stalwart Daniel Webster. The print probably appeared before Tyler officially withdrew as a presidential candidate on August 20. Henry Clay is in the lead, about to pass the half-mile marker to the White House. The Capitol appears in the distance. Clay holds an American flag in one hand and a document in the other, and begins to ascend the steeply inclined final stretch. Behind him Democratic nominee James K. Polk stumbles and falls, his foot in a pothole. Clay: "Clear the Road for Old Kentuck!" Polk: "Oh! Lord I've slipped up! I've got fundamental objections to this mode of coming down." Frelinghuysen: "Ha! Ha! Dan there goes Polk! that Tariff grease that I put there has done the business slick!" Support for a tariff was a plank in the Whig platform which was extremely popular in the Northeast. Webster replies: "Why Theodore, Harry [Clay] is a going it in fine style. He'll take the Purse & not half try!" A third contestant, incumbent President John Tyler, notices a woman traveling down another road toward Texas. The woman is elegantly dressed, and holds a parasol which obstructs the view ahead of her. Tyler questions a farmer standing nearby, "I say my friend who is that going down the road yonder . . ." The farmer replies "Oh! thats the Gardeners Daughter that lives in yon house there down the road!" "Well thats the road for me," Tyler continues, "I am used up in the Race. So I'm off! tell them Gentlemen that they must excuse me."|Entered . . . 1844 by J. Baillie.|Litho. & pubd. by James Baillie 118 Nassau St N.Y.|Signed: H. Bucholzer.|The Library's impression of the print was deposited for copyright on August 23, 1844.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 79.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1844-41.

An illustrated election ticket for Luke Tiernan and George R. Richardson, administration candidates for Baltimore delegates to the Maryland General Assembly in 1828. The ticket bears a woodcut emblem of a flexed arm holding a hammer, framed by a wreath of oak leaves. |Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1828-11.

A Democratic election ticket for the 1844 presidential campaign, issued sometime between May 29, when Polk received the Democratic nomination, and the November canvass. The ticket names the party's eight electors for the state of Maryland and is illustrated with the device of an American flag on a staff topped by a glowing liberty cap.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1844-15.

An illustrated cover for a campaign song written for Democratic candidates Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair, Jr. Bust portraits of Seymour and Blair are separated by two cornucopias spilling over with flowers that form a wreath around two clasped hands. Above the portraits are vines, olive branches, and palm fronds, the vines circling around to entwine with two American flags below. At the top, an American eagle stands on a shield decorated with stars and stripes.|Chicago Lithographing Co.|Entered . . . 1868 by Lyon & Healy. |Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1868-3.

The artist lays on the Democrats the major blame for violence perpetrated against antislavery settlers in Kansas in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Here a bearded "freesoiler" has been bound to the "Democratic Platform" and is restrained by two Lilliputian figures, presidential nominee James Buchanan and Democratic senator Lewis Cass. Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas and president Franklin Pierce, also shown as tiny figures, force a black man into the giant's gaping mouth. The freesoiler's head rests on a platform marked "Kansas," "Cuba," and "Central America," probably referring to Democratic ambitions for the extension of slavery. In the background left is a scene of burning and pillage; on the right a dead man hangs from a tree.|"Pub. by J.L. Magee 48 Pasyunk Road Phila."|Drawn by John L. Magee.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 115.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1856-8.

An election-year satire favoring Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren in the 1848 presidential contest. A long-legged John Van Buren carries his father piggyback through Salt River, heading toward the White House on the far shore. "Matty" says, "Thanks to your long legs, John, I believe that I shall pass over this Jordan dry shod." The younger Van Buren assures his father, "Hold on Dad & I'll put you through." Meanwhile, abolitionist editor Horace Greeley and candidates Taylor and Clay are having a more difficult time fording the river. Clay is immersed head first, leaving only his legs visible. Taylor is neck-deep in the water. Greeley yells to Kentucky Whig leader Cassius M. Clay, seated on the near bank, "Help, Cassius, or I Sink." Clay replies, "Can't come there, Horace, I risked my life in Mexico, & I don't like to do it again." (Cassius Clay was a hero of the recent Mexican War).|Entered . . . 1848 by J. Baillie. |Published by James Baillie, 87th St. near Third Avenue, New York.|Signed with reversed initials: H.B. (H. Bucholzer).|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 97.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1848-29.

On May 27, 1861, Benjamin Butler, commander of the Union army in Virginia and North Carolina, decreed that slaves who fled to Union lines were legitimate "contraband of war," and were not subject to return to their Confederate owners. The declaration precipitated scores of escapes to Union lines around Fortress Monroe, Butler's headquarters in Virginia. In this crudely drawn caricature, a slave stands before the Union fort taunting his plantation master. The planter (right) waves his whip and cries, "Come back you black rascal." The slave replies, "Can't come back nohow massa Dis chile's contraban." Hordes of other slaves are seen leaving the fields and heading toward the fort.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 126.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1861-37.

The title continues: "Breaking up of a Grand Spree in the Tea Room & total abflustification of the common scoundrels." Weitenkampf calls the print a satirical look at members of the New York Common Council "after a spree of eating and drinking," and cites two others by Elton. The artist also suggests corruption in that Tammany-controlled civic body, a center of Democratic power in 1840. It is a crowded scene of drunken merriment. In the foreground are several comical figures in various attitudes, including a reeling heavy-set man who says, "I'm affraid I've not done me juty to me w-a-r-d this evening, let me see what I've had: three Oyster stews . . . " He leans on a smaller man who says, "Don't make yourself uneasy Sir, if you havent done your duty on this occassion, I would like to see the man who has & if there is such a man all I want is his Daguerreotype Likeness to hang on the inside of my shirt to remember him by . . ." (Daguerreotypes were first introduced in 1839, and portrait studios had opened in several major cities in the United States by early 1840.) On the right two others converse. One, with a bulbous red nose, lifts his glass aloft. The second holds a bag marked "40,000." The first says, "Ah! that's the talk! let me see with that amount of stuff, I can cut out forty pairs of pantaloons with a thousand sets of trimmings for each man, o yes Sir depend on it, the documents shall be forthcoming!" The second, "Here is the Stuff for pantaloons & I hope now you will put that matter through & let me have the contract without delay." In the middle ground left a black manservant holds a tray of cups before the open door to a "Tea Room."|For sale at 124 Nassau St. N.Y.|Probably drawn by John L. Magee.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Murrell, p. 162, 164.|Weitenkampf, p. 68-69.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1840-1.

An illustrated broadside reviling four Rhode Island Whigs who broke party ranks to support a popular movement to free imprisoned radical Thomas Wilson Dorr. (On the Dorr Rebellion see also "Trouble in the Spartan Ranks, Tyrants Prostrate Liberty Triumphant," and "The Great Political Car and Last Load of Patriots," nos. 1843-6, 1844-19, and 1845-5.) The broadside's author alleges political opportunism in the alliance of (left to right) Charles Jackson, Samuel F. Man, James F. Simmons, and Lemuel H. Arnold with Democrats to support a "liberation" ticket in the spring elections of 1845. This notice, evidently published after the April canvass, laments the election of "an obscure individual like [President James K.] Polk" and "a pompous, self-conceited man like [Gov. Charles] Jackson" as well as "Foreigners, ignorant, barbarous and uncivilized," "radicals, disorganisers, and abolitionists assuming to be jurists" in general. The author exhorts the reader, "Let us not reward Traitors, but with just indignation abandon them as 'Scape-Goats,' to their destiny--forever." The "Four Traitors" are crudely caricatured. Jackson holds a proclamation of liberation, probably the act of June 1845 pardoning Dorr. Samuel Man is depicted as obese, sitting in a chair and holding an infant. Simmons thumbs his nose at Man, and his own coattails are in turn held by Lemuel Arnold. A verse appears below them: O, heaven that such companions thou'dst unfold; / And put in every honest hand a whip / To lash the rascals naked through the world.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1845-4.