This is an interactive learning adventure for middle school students and has accompanying classroom activities and magazines. In this challenge, students will perform experiments to identify the germ responsible for a fungal disease. Students will follow rules or postulates worked out by Dr. Koch in the late 1800s for establishing whether a specific germ causes a particular infectious disease: 1. The suspected pathogen must be present in every case of the disease; 2. The suspected pathogen must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture; 3. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the suspected pathogen is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host; 4. The same pathogen must be recovered from the newly infected host. The Germ Theory of Disease holds that germs or microorganisms cause infectious diseases. Funded through the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

This is an interactive learning adventure for middle school students and has accompanying classroom activities and magazines. In Mission Four: Malady in Mabuufo, students learn about malaria, the history of malaria research, and disease vectors.

This is a problem-based learning adventure game that engages the player in the role of scientist, historian, and detective. At the beginning, the student is presented with a problem that must be solved. During the mission, students conduct field and laboratory investigations with the aid of the MedMyst characters. This mission can be played within one class period (approximately 30 to 45 minutes) and the knowledge gained from this mission will help students understand how infectious diseases are spread. This mission covers vectors, malaria, history of malaria, and immune system. Each mission is a self-contained problem and may be played without reliance on the other missions. Also available in Spanish.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When it comes to immune functioning, cancers and autoimmune diseases are opposites. The key immune-related defect in cancer is subverting and evading the immune system, while autoimmune disease is, broadly speaking, an overactive immune system targeting the self. The immune system and the gut microbial community have a reciprocal influence on each other. Therefore, it is possible that cancers and autoimmune diseases have analogous but inverted impacts on the gut microbiome. To test this, researchers conducted a systematic literature review. The included studies covered over 10,000 people from 27 countries. This data revealed a set of microbiome features that show consistent, opposite changes in cancers compared to autoimmune diseases. Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus were the most consistently increased bacterial genera in cancer cases. While Bacteroides stood out as a group increased in autoimmune disease and decreased in cancers..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"N6-methyl-adenosine (m⁶A) methylation is the most abundant epigenetic modification on mRNA and lncRNA. This modification is regulated by m⁶A writers, readers, and erasers, and its proper regulation is critical for innate and adaptive immunity, especially since m⁶A can play different roles depending on the transcript region, cell type, or specific regulators involved. For example, in the innate immune system, m⁶A can promote the antitumor and antiviral activity of NK cells. It can also activate disease- fighting M1 macrophages, reduce inflammation, and encourage dendritic cell maturation and activity. On the other hand, m⁶A can prevent dendritic cells from cross-presenting tumor antigens to prime T cells, hindering the antitumor response. In the adaptive immune system, m⁶A promotes T cell homeostasis but also suppresses T follicular helper cell development and it can either exacerbate or inhibit HIV-1 infection in CD4⁺ T cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This lesson plan is designed to help students review their knowledge of the human immune system through an interactive game called, Defend Your Body. Students will explore instances in which the body's immune system may malfunction. The first part of the lesson will review the main functions of the human immune system through a game called Defend Your Body. After playing the game, students will engage in a class discussion about the similarities of the gameplay and the function of a real immune system. During the second part of the lesson, students will revisit the game, to recognize instances where the human immune system may deviate from its normal functions. Students will then research various diseases that affect the immune system and create a new variation of Defend Your Body that simulates the effects of the disease.

This course provides a comprehensive overview of human pathology with emphasis on mechanisms of disease and diagnostic medicine. Topics include:

Cellular Mechanisms of Disease
Molecular Pathology
Pathology of Major Organ Systems
Review of Diagnostic Tools from Traditional Surgical Pathology to Diagnostic Spectroscopy
Functional and Molecular Imaging
Molecular Diagnostics

In addition to lectures, one of the two weekly sessions includes a 2-3 hour laboratory component. Periodically, time will also be devoted to minicases.
Lecturers
Prof. Jon Aster, Prof. Frederick Bieber, Prof. Carlo Brugnara, Prof. Robert B. Colvin, Prof. Christopher Crum , Prof. Douglas Dockery, Prof. Mel Feany, Prof. Michael Feld, Prof. Jonathan Fletcher, Prof. Michael Gimbrone, Prof. Todd Golub, Prof. Frank B. Hu, Prof. Donald Ingber, Prof. Hart Lidov, Prof. David Louis, Prof. Richard Mitchell, Prof. Fiona Murray, Prof. Mark Redston, Prof. Helmut Rennke, Prof. Bruce Rosen, Prof. Frederick Schoen, Prof. Christine Seidman

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A major turning point for tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint proteins, which suppress immunity to facilitate tumor growth. The discovery prompted the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that can help fight even metastatic and chemoresistant cancers. ICIs that target the proteins CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 are particularly promising for cancer treatment. These drugs can be used either alone or with other therapies to enhance treatment efficacy. For example, they can be combined with traditional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and cancer vaccines to improve outcomes. In addition, combinations of CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking ICIs can be used to treat cancers like melanoma. However, despite the encouraging results in some studies, many patients fail to respond to ICIs. ICIs can also exert various immune-related adverse effects on the skin, colon, liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart, and some tumors can become resistant to the drugs..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Psychology is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester introduction to psychology course. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. The text also includes coverage of the DSM-5 in examinations of psychological disorders. Psychology incorporates discussions that reflect the diversity within the discipline, as well as the diversity of cultures and communities across the globe.Senior Contributing AuthorsRose M. Spielman, Formerly of Quinnipiac UniversityContributing AuthorsKathryn Dumper, Bainbridge State CollegeWilliam Jenkins, Mercer UniversityArlene Lacombe, Saint Joseph's UniversityMarilyn Lovett, Livingstone CollegeMarion Perlmutter, University of Michigan

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the nature of psychophysiological disordersDescribe the immune system and how stress impacts its functioningDescribe how stress and emotional factors can lead to the development and exacerbation of cardiovascular disorders, asthma, and tension headaches

The innate immune system recognises components of pathogens which are intrinsically foreign (i.e. not present on normal mammalian cells), such as Lipolysaccharides, Peptidoglycans and D-isoform amino acids.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The beneficial microbes that live in and on us play many important roles in our health. In mammals, these microbial communities are assembled after birth, particularly before weaning. Intestinal microbes do more than just help digest food or produce metabolites. They also contribute to the development of organ structures and the immune system. To better understand this process, researchers used mice with a specifically constructed, simplified gut microbiome. Mice without a microbiome, called germ-free, have significantly impaired immunity, but giving these adult mice a simple microbiome of 14 strains was enough for them to establish an immune response. The addition of microbes stimulated maturation of the intestinal blood vessel system and activated both innate and adaptive immunity..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students explore the physical and psychological effect of stress and tension on human beings. Concepts of stress and stress management are introduced. Students discover how perception serves to fuel a huge industry dedicated to minimizing risk and relieving stress. Students complete a writing activity focused on developing critical thinking skills. Note: The literacy activities for the Mechanics unit are based on physical themes that have broad application to our experience in the world concepts of rhythm, balance, spin, gravity, levity, inertia, momentum, friction, stress and tension.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic gut inflammation. Such inflammation can be prevented by balanced communication between the microbiome and the immune system. The protein TLR4 is known to mediate microbiome–immune communication, but its influence on colon inflammation is unclear. To learn more, researchers recently compared colitis susceptibility between normal mice and mice lacking TLR4. The TLR4-deficient mice were more susceptible to chemically induced colitis and RNA sequencing showed that the TLR4-deficient mice had markedly lower levels of the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila. Additional experiments revealed that A. muciniphila helped prevent colitis by upregulating immune responses involving regulatory T cells expressing the protein RORγt. Examination of human gut biopsies confirmed that TLR4 is positively associated with gut A. muciniphila colonization under healthy conditions..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Innate vs. adaptive immunity. Humoral adaptive immunity vs. cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Created by Sal Khan.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease, or iMCD, is a deadly disorder involving a hyperactivated immune system No one knows what causes iMCD, the key cell types involved, or even what type of disease to call it -- autoimmune? cancer? The many unknowns make diagnosis and treatment extremely challenging In a new publication, researchers have uncovered several key proteins involved in iMCD By systematically comparing the levels of over 1000 molecules in blood samples from iMCD patients in flare and remission They found that levels of immune molecules known as chemokines spike during disease flares and identified the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway as a potential treatment target for patients who don't respond to first-line therapy Although these findings must still be validated on more patients the study provides new insights into iMCD and possible treatment options For more information about IMCD, visit CDCN.org Pierson, et al..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Crohn’s disease causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract Although its cause is not fully understood, abnormal activation of the GI immune system toward the gut microbiota could be playing a role In addition, the high number of pro-inflammatory bacteria found in the intestinal microbiota of Crohn’s patients could be triggering this abnormal immune response A recent pilot trial is the first to evaluate the use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in maintaining remission in Crohn’s patients The authors found a higher rate of steroid-free remission in Crohn’s patients treated with FMT As well as improved lesions and inflammatory biomarkers Although further studies on a larger patient population are needed The results of this pilot trial are promising for the many patients suffering from Crohn’s disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.