This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Resistance to therapy is a major hurdle in current cancer treatments. A major part of the problem is heterogeneity. Tumors, by their nature, have multiple cell lineages with varying characteristics. Among these are cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs can regenerate a tumor even after treatment kills many of its other cells. And they can go dormant, transport drugs outside the cell membrane, avoid apoptosis, and express resistance-conferring non-coding RNAs, all of which boost tumors’ resistance to treatment. A new review describes common CSC surface markers, deregulated signaling pathways, and resistance mechanisms as well as the status of research into CSC therapies. Current therapies targeting CSCs do not address tumor heterogeneity or the complexity of the tumor microenvironment..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The protein eIF6 is involved in ribosome formation and mRNA translation and is essential for the growth and reproduction of cells, including cancer cells. However, eIF6’s role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. To learn more, researchers recently analyzed eIF6 in 233 OSCC samples and in OSCC cell lines. They found that cytoplasmic eIF6 expression was abnormally high in OSCC tissues and was associated with tumor size and clinical grade. Upregulating eIF6 promoted OSCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. eIF6 also encouraged epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process necessary for cancer cell migration, in OSCC cells, but depletion of eIF6 (with sh-eIF6-2) suppressed the cancer-enhancing effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that eIF6 exerted its tumor progression-promoting effects by activating the AKT signaling pathway, and further experiments confirmed that eIF6 and AKT directly interacted in the cytoplasm..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Welcome to the El Camino College EMT program! Emergency Medical Technicians are professional medical responders that work to help ill and injured patients in various emergency field and clinical settings. EMT principles that are covered throughout this course include, but are not limited to: leadership, followership, communication, safety, situational awareness, basic life support (BLS), patient assessment and professionalism. EMT students learn about the practices and procedures for treating medical illnesses and traumatic injuries through facilitated discussion, skills lab, simulations, scenarios and field experience. Students who successfully complete all 170 hours with an overall grade of 80% (B) or better will qualify to take the NREMT test for certification. Once the NREMT is completed, the student would be eligible for a state EMT license.

Welcome to the El Camino College EMT program! Emergency Medical Technicians are professional medical responders that work to help ill and injured patients in various emergency field and clinical settings. EMT principles that are covered throughout this course include, but are not limited to: leadership, followership, communication, safety, situational awareness, basic life support (BLS), patient assessment and professionalism. EMT students learn about the practices and procedures for treating medical illnesses and traumatic injuries through facilitated discussion, skills lab, simulations, scenarios and field experience. Students who successfully complete all 170 hours with an overall grade of 80% (B) or better will qualify to take the NREMT test for certification. Once the NREMT is completed, the student would be eligible for a state EMT license.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), where cells become less polarized and take on stem-cell-like properties, is critical to the metastasis of many types of cancer. One protein family with a major role in this process is the Frizzled (FZD) family. FZD proteins are G-protein-coupled receptors that function as receptors for Wnt ligands. But while FZD2, FZD4, FZD7, FZD8, and FZD10 have been demonstrated to mediate cancer cell EMT, a new study shows that FZD5 may play a different role. Using in silico analysis of cancer gene databases, researchers found that FZD5 can prevent EMT in gastric cancer. Experiments with human gastric cancer cell lines showed that FZD5 maintains an epithelial-like phenotype and is negatively regulated by the transcription factors SNAI2 and TEAD1. Downstream of FZD5 was the epithelial-specific factor ELF3, which was linked via protein kinase C. FZD5 signaling required its co-receptor, LRP5, and Wnt7b acted as a putative ligand for FZD5..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"During pregnancy, the placenta acts as a critical bridge between mother and child, providing oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby. One important process in placenta formation is “invasion” of the mother’s blood supply by placental cells called extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). This process is promoted by the enzyme MMP2, whose expression is upregulated by the protein GDF-8, but the exact mechanism is unclear. To learn more, researchers recently examined GDF-8, MMP2, and cell invasion in human EVTs in vitro. They found that treatment with GDF-8 indeed stimulated MMP2 expression in the cells. This effect was blocked by an inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptors, indicating that the TGF-β pathway was involved. Further investigation revealed that the TGF-β signaling proteins Snail and Slug were also upregulated by GDF-8. However, silencing Snail and Slug expression individually showed that only Snail was required for GDF-8-mediated MMP2 stimulation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers have identified a gene important to the growth and spread of gastric cancer, opening the door to new understanding of this deadly disease. The gene, known as SIX1, has been implicated in disease progression in several cancers, but its link to gastric cancer wasn’t clear. This ambiguity prompted researchers at China Medical University to take a closer look at the role of SIX1 in gastric cancer cells. The team started by measuring SIX1 protein expression in gastric tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissue collected from 208 patients. They found high levels of SIX1 in nearly half the tumor samples and virtually none in the non-cancerous tissue – a pattern suggesting that SIX1 is an important biomarker for gastric cancer. This notion was supported by the finding that patients with higher levels of SIX1 had more advanced disease than those with moderate SIX1 expression..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cancer develops as a small cluster of abnormally replicating cells that form a tumor. As this tumor grows, cancerous cells may begin to invade other tissues in the body in a process called the “metastatic cascade”. During this advanced stage of cancer, aggressive cancer cells detach from the primary tumor, move through the bloodstream to other organs, and develop new tumors. Because such late-stage cancer is usually associated with a poor prognosis, preventing metastasis is critical to the development of effective cancer treatments. One promising area of research focuses on tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases are enzymes with important roles in cell health when functioning normally, but those in the Abelson (ABL) family (ABL1 and ABL2) can promote tumor progression when abnormally activated. ABL1 and ABL2 affect how cells attach to one another as well as their orientation, thereby enabling previously stationary cells to become mobile and promoting the metastatic cascade..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common complication of diabetes, the structure and function of the kidneys deteriorate. One early sign of DN is proteinuria, or protein excretion in urine. Although the mechanism of DN-related proteinuria isn’t clear, rearrangement of the cellular skeleton, or cytoskeleton, might contribute. A recent study explored this theory by examining the role of the cytoskeletal protein MAP4 in DN proteinuria. In urine from patients with diabetes as well as kidney tissues from diabetic mice, the content of phosphate-modified (phosphorylated) MAP4 was elevated. In mice, inducing MAP4 phosphorylation promoted the development of DN-like proteinuria with aging and caused podocytes, specialized kidney cells that prevent proteins from entering urine, to lose their epithelial characteristics and die. In addition, mice with induced MAP4 phosphorylation were much more susceptible to diabetes than normal mice..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common cancers in the United States. The most frequent form of RCC, clear cell RCC (ccRCC), is particularly aggressive with high mortality. Thus, there is an urgent need for prognostic tools and treatments. The protein Integrin β4 (ITGB4) plays important roles in other malignancies, but its role in ccRCC is not well documented. A recent study confirmed that ITGB4 was significantly overexpressed in ccRCC tissues and that high levels predicted metastasis and a poor prognosis. ITGB4 stimulated cell migration and invasion in benchtop experiments and metastasis in a mouse model. Another protein, methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14), accelerated the degradation of ITGB4 mRNA, ultimately reducing ITGB4's expression. METTL14 did this by facilitating the addition of a methyl group to an adenosine on the end of ITGB4 mRNA. The modified ITGB4 mRNA is then bound by YTH domain family protein 2 (YTHDF2), which promotes the decay of the mRNA..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hepatocellular carcinoma is a significant cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This cancer is often tied to chronic infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The pathway from viral infection to cancer is known to involve epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancerous cells, but the molecular details remain unclear. To gain a better understanding, researchers explored the relationship between two proteins: HBX, a hepatitis B-related protein reported to trigger EMT and vimentin, a structural protein that facilitates the EMT process. HBX-expressing cells and HBV-related tissue showed increased expression of the EMT markers vimentin, E-cadherin, and β-catenin. In addition, HBX-expressing cells showed greater proliferation and migration efficiency and larger tumor size in mice. Further analysis found that HBX was linked to vimentin via LASP1 and that multiple signal pathways are implicated..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When functioning normally, the protein FGFR2 helps regulate cell growth and division, bone growth, and the formation of blood vessels. But alterations in FGFR2 activity have been linked to certain cancers, including breast and prostate cancer, most notably because of a switch between two forms of the protein: from FGFR2b to FGFR2c. To understand the effects of this transition, a recent study examined how the aberrant expression of FGFR2c affects another protein known as PKCε. PKCε is overexpressed in several carcinomas. dramatically increasing the growth rate and mobility of the same cells regulated by FGFR2c. Test-tube experiments revealed that faulty expression of FGFR2c strongly activated PKCε through phosphorylation, a process in which phosphoryl groups are attached to a protein, modifying its function in most cases..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer accounts for more than 6% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide; the main cause of death being metastasis to other tissues. One factor that leads to this spread is breast cancer’s resistance to chemotherapy. A recent study reveals a molecular target that could curb the persistent progression of breast cancer. The protein RelB was observed to be overexpressed in human breast cancer tissue promoting cancer cell proliferation by decreasing normally programmed cell death and increasing cell mobility. Genetically switching RelB expression off dramatically reduced and even prevented breast tumor growth in mice. RelB’s cancer-promoting functions are linked to its activation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which helps sustain breast cancer metastasis under low-estrogen conditions. Targeting this under-examined pathway could be one way to prevent the spread of breast cancer cells and thereby boost anti-cancer therapies for millions of patients around the globe..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource was remixed to add places in the syllabus that might need to be updated for accessibility.  Welcome to the El Camino College EMT program! Emergency Medical Technicians are professional medical responders that work to help ill and injured patients in various emergency field and clinical settings. EMT principles that are covered throughout this course include, but are not limited to: leadership, followership, communication, safety, situational awareness, basic life support (BLS), patient assessment and professionalism. EMT students learn about the practices and procedures for treating medical illnesses and traumatic injuries through facilitated discussion, skills lab, simulations, scenarios and field experience. Students who successfully complete all 170 hours with an overall grade of 80% (B) or better will qualify to take the NREMT test for certification. Once the NREMT is completed, the student would be eligible for a state EMT license.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Since the first SRC family kinase (SFK) was discovered in 1911, numerous SFKs have been identified in humans. SFKs are expressed in diverse tissues and cell types, where they regulate various biological processes. Posttranslational modification of these membrane-associated kinases can regulate their activity to affect cell signaling in different ways, but dysregulation of SFKs can promote cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. In cancer cells, the kinases can promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote invasion. Specifically, they destabilize cell junctions, change cell polarity, and mediate invadopodia formation by influencing the actin cytoskeleton. SFKs also activate EMT-inducing molecules by influencing signaling pathways such as the TGF-β/SMAD, Wnt, NOTCH, and EGFR pathways. Given the roles of SFKs in cancer, SFK inhibitors have been developed as therapies for metastatic disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive form of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known to promote TNBC aggressiveness, but the mechanisms are unclear. To learn more, a recent study investigated the roles of TAMs in regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in TNBC, both of which contribute to malignant progression. The results revealed that human TNBC tissues exhibited severe infiltration of TAMs (marked by CD163) and that TAMs were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. In addition, culture media from TAM-like macrophages promoted EMT and CSC-like properties in two TNBC cell lines. Specifically, TAM-secreted CCL2 protein activated AKT signaling to increase β-catenin expression and nuclear localization, and knockdown experiments confirmed the importance of β-catenin in the TAM-induced changes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Autonomic nervous system dysfunction contributes to both benign and malignant urinary tract diseases. Thus, autonomic nervous system components that are expressed in genitourinary organs, such as α- and β-adrenoceptors, can be targeted to treat urologic disease. α-Adrenoceptors typically mediate blood vessel constriction and smooth muscle contraction, and blocking α1-adrenoceptors with antagonists relaxes the prostate and urinary tract, improving urine flow in individuals with prostate enlargement, stones, and lower urinary tract symptoms. In contrast to α-adrenoceptors, β-adrenoceptors mediate vasodilation and relaxation. Thus, β-adrenoceptor stimulants are used to treat conditions such as overactive bladder. Notably, α- and β-adrenoceptors can also be targeted to protect against acute and chronic kidney disease, and existing α- and β-adrenoceptor antagonists can be repurposed to treat genitourinary cancers..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Pregnancy loss and infertility affect one in six couples, and better understanding of the underlying mechanisms is needed for treatment. A good place to start is embryo implantation -- the first step of pregnancy. Unfortunately, few studies have evaluated the mechanisms affecting embryo implantation potential. A new study evaluated the signaling mechanisms behind a cell polarization process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT directs both the formation of the placenta by trophoblast cells and cell differentiation in the developing embryo. Researchers evaluated embryo implantation in wild-type mice and mice lacking components of the Wnt/β-catenin-lin28a signaling pathway. Their results showed that active β-catenin was present in the pre-implantation embryonic membrane, and silencing Wnt/β-catenin signaling reduced the embryo implantation rate..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cancer-related mortality, a leading cause of death in the US, is driven by tumor invasion and metastasis. Implicated in these processes is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, or EMT. EMT drives invasion through a dramatic reorganization of a cell's cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Because EMT is a rare event, undergone by a few abnormal cells, it is difficult to view directly in a patient. But new research methods are providing a lens into this critical process. Culturing cells on planar surfaces is revealing how their EMT behavior is coordinated and driven by leader cells. Research on the protein vimentin highlights its role in enabling cells to contort during migration or proliferation. Other studies examine how topographically patterning culture surfaces changes the behaviors of cells as they slip into and out of EMT. And 3D matrices are being used to examine the dissemination and disorganization of multicellular clusters..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Liver cancer is among the most common types of cancer worldwide. Between 2007 and 2017, liver cancer ranked 7th on the list of cancers with the highest global incidence. Through carcinogenesis, cancer cells go through complex and dynamic phenotypical changes -epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or its reverse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET)- to cope with metastasis rate-limiting steps. Tumor cells gain metastatic properties in EMT, whereas cells acquire tumor forming capabilities in MET. Growing evidence suggests that cells showing both types of properties are most likely to contribute metastatic outgrowth and resistant to therapeutics. Now, a new study has identified a pivotal molecular mechanism that gives rise to this “hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M)” state. Experiments on human liver cancer cells indicated that the process modulated by lncRNA HOTAIR, a non-coding RNA that contributes to metastasis and poor prognosis in liver cancer..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.