This collection uses primary sources to explore AIDS activism during the 1980s. Digital Public Library of America Primary Source Sets are designed to help students develop their critical thinking skills and draw diverse material from libraries, archives, and museums across the United States. Each set includes an overview, ten to fifteen primary sources, links to related resources, and a teaching guide. These sets were created and reviewed by the teachers on the DPLA's Education Advisory Committee.

This is a discussion-based interactive seminar on the two major issues that affect Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Poverty. AIDS and Poverty, seemingly different concepts, are more inter-related to each other in Africa than in any other continent. As MIT students, we feel it is important to engage ourselves in a dynamic discussion on the relation between the two - how to fight one and how to solve the other.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Penile circumcision dramatically reduces the risk of contracting HIV-1. This protection likely has multiple physical and biological mechanisms, and understanding these mechanisms could lead to non-surgical interventions to reduce HIV-1 transmission. Thus, researchers examined the microbiota and immune milieu before and after elective circumcision in two key areas. The coronal sulcus (CS), which is exposed to the air by foreskin removal and the urethra, which is thought to be the primary site of penile HIV-1 infection in circumcised men. The CS showed a dramatic decrease in pro-inflammatory anaerobic bacteria after circumcision, as well as significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Circumcision also altered the urethral microbiota. However — in contrast to the CS — there were few changes to the urethral immune profile..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The purpose of this toolkit is to understand what threatens the quality of education in your school so that you can take informed action to remedy the situation.

There are different ways of combating discrimination and creating a safe and nonthreatening environment at school. An important contribution can be made by implementing an Anti-Bullying Policy.

The purpose of this toolkit is to provide a helpful, detailed checklist for SMTs to plan and manage their school nutrition programme.

The purpose of this toolkit is to use a brainstorming technique to come up with creative ideas respond to the challenge of providing aftercare support for vulnerable learners. To use the ideas from the brainstorming session to inform the development of a draft set of ideas for an aftercare strategy.

The purpose of this toolkit is to conduct a situational analysis or assessment that will help you to understand the size of the challenge and the current capacity of your school to set up a counselling service. To assist you to decide on the most suitable options for implementing counselling support in your school context.

The purpose of this toolkit is to conduct a situational analysis or assessment that will help you to understand the size of the challenge and the current capacity of your school to set up a counselling service. To assist you to decide on the most suitable options for implementing counselling support in your school context.

D-Lab Development addresses issues of technological improvements at the micro level for developing countries—in particular, how the quality of life of low-income households can be improved by adaptation of low cost and sustainable technologies. Discussion of development issues as well as project implementation challenges are addressed through lectures, case studies, guest speakers and laboratory exercises. Students form project teams to partner with mostly local level organizations in developing countries, and formulate plans for an IAP site visit. (Previous field sites include Ghana, Brazil, Honduras and India.) Project team meetings focus on developing specific projects and include cultural, social, political, environmental and economic overviews of the countries and localities to be visited as well as an introduction to the local languages.

D-Lab Development addresses issues of technological improvements at the micro level for developing countries—in particular, how the quality of life of low-income households can be improved by adaptation of low cost and sustainable technologies. Discussion of development issues as well as project implementation challenges are addressed through lectures, case studies, guest speakers and laboratory exercises. Students form project teams to partner with mostly local level organizations in developing countries, and formulate plans for an IAP site visit. (Previous field sites include Ghana, Brazil, Honduras and India.) Project team meetings focus on developing specific projects and include cultural, social, political, environmental and economic overviews of the countries and localities to be visited as well as an introduction to the local languages.

This multidisciplinary seminar addresses fundamental issues in global health faced by community-based healthcare programs in developing countries. Students will broadly explore topics with expert lecturers and guided readings. Topics will be further illuminated with case studies from healthcare programs in urban centers of Zambia. Multidisciplinary teams will be formed to develop feasible solutions to specific health challenges posed in the case studies and encouraged to pursue their ideas beyond the seminar. Possible global health topics include community-based AIDS/HIV management, maternity care, health diagnostics, and information technology in patient management and tracking. Students from Medicine, Public Health, Engineering, Management, and Social Sciences are encouraged to enroll. No specific background experience is expected, but students should have some relevant skills or experiences.

Title: A Global View of HIV InfectionCourse of Origin: Population Change and Public HealthKeywords: aids, disease, global, hiv, illness, infection, map, outbreak, spread, transmission, worldTopic Areas: Adolescent Health, Global Health, HIV/AIDS, Infectious DiseaseCitation Format: "A Global View of HIV Infection" from Population Change and Public Health. Copyright © Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"HIV is a lifelong illness that affects millions of people worldwide and in the US disproportionally affects men who have sex with men. Past research has shown that men who have sex with men have a distinct microbiome from other groups. Additionally, the lymphoid tissue invaded by HIV-1 after infection is partially regulated by the gut microbiome. However, little is known about the microbiome’s role in HIV-1 susceptibility and progression. In a recent study, researchers found bacteria that enhance inflammation were more abundant in the gut as well as a decrease in important commensal bacteria that are protective, months before HIV-1 infection. Increased prevalence of certain Prevotella species and decreased prevalence of Bacteroides species in particular could result in inflammation. As other research has shown, some species of Prevotella and Bacteroides can play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, respectively..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This website contains educational resources that are based on the UNESCO-recognised HIV and AIDS collections held by Lothian Health Services Archive (LHSA).

Rather than being complete lesson plans in themselves, these resources provide a range of suggested activities based on the collection items.

The resources are linked to the Curriculum for Excellence (S2 and S3) and are intended for use by teachers, youth groups and educational professionals.

The site contains resources, audio-visual material and images linked to the following subject themes: Expressive Arts, Social Studies, and Health and Wellbeing.

The Sexuality Student Edition book is one of ten volumes making up the Human Biology curriculum, an interdisciplinary and inquiry-based approach to the study of life science.

At the time of the video, 60 cases of AIDs had been documented at KCMC, arriving at an ever increasing rate since the first case in 1984. While the issue is tragic, the video provides a fascinating insight into the situation “at the front-lines.” The idea of an epidemic is just beginning to be considered. Understanding of the situation is in its early phases: how long is the incubation? How exactly is it spread? How can we treat it? Will there be a vaccine? Who is at risk?

Unlike in Europe and the West, AIDs in Africa is a heterosexual illness. Victims are adults of both sexes in their sexual prime. Howlett says that most of the cases he has seen have come from urban centres. People are beginning to understand that the full impact of the disease is invisible, because of the long incubation time from infection to full-blown disease. The tragedy of transmission to new-borns is just beginning to be observed.

The only defence against dying of AIDS, is to use condoms. Blood screening is starting to be implemented in major centres.

This video’s intended audience was humanitarian volunteers in Europe, intending to come to Africa. Howlett tells them that they need to be clear about their responsibilities to themselves and their families. That they need to understand potential, long-term impacts of any decisions they make. It is not the same situation, he says, as it was for volunteers 5-10 years ago.

As a medically trained humanitarian, Howlett first travelled to Africa in 1980. From 1984, he began as a Ministry-appointed specialist physician at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), in Moshi, in northern Tanzania. He has remained closely associated with KCMC ever since. Learn more about Howlett’s experiences.

In the first video, from 1987, he describes the beginning of the epidemic with the first officially documented case of HIV-AIDS that was diagnosed at KCMC in March 1984. In the third video from 2018, he cites UNAIDS statistics from 2016, to underline the scope of the epidemic. In Tanzania, a country of 55 million people, 1.4 million are HIV-infected. The UNAIDS statistics further indicate that in 2016, it is estimated that there are 55 000 new HIV-infections and 33 000 AIDs-related deaths annually.

Just 2 years later, Howlett is interviewed again. It is interesting to note how much understanding of the epidemic has grown in the 2 years since his first interview. Research and reporting is increasing. Howlett says that Tanzania has reported 2 500 cases thus far to WHO.

Focus is being placed on Public Education measures. It is beginning to be understood, to use metaphors, that AIDs cases represent just the tip of the iceberg for a disease that has an incubation time as long as 7-8 years, or longer. The epidemic is spreading from the main concentration of cases in urban centres, where there are high levels of promiscuity. Such areas with prostitution, travellers, mobile populations create “whirlpools” of infection and may have rates of infection in these high risk population groups more than 70%. The infection spreads from these urban nodes to rural areas, spreading in “ripples”, as travellers return home to their families.

A highly specific blood test has been developed to ensure safer blood supplies, although, Howlett explains, this is not a major transmission route in Africa.

Howlett says that the difference between the AIDs epidemic in Europe and Africa is largely cultural. In the West, he says, there is less promiscuity. In Africa, promiscuity is more tolerated, especially in “travelling” communities of truck-drivers and businessmen. Specific communities of sexual workers have become established in all urban centres. In a cycle of poverty, it may be the only choice available to many women. These women, Howlett explains, act as repositories, and the visiting men are the vectors spreading the disease along transportation routes and to their homes, in rural settings.

Howlett and his wife, Juliet, have become increasingly engaged in Public Education – holding talks in Public Meetings, developing education materials, reaching out to social leaders … However, he says that providing information is not enough to change behaviour – people have to understand the information and its implications for their lives and the lives of their family members.. Be responsible. Tests are available – get tested. Be celibate if you are HIV positive, or, at least, use a condom. All are equal before AIDs, he says. Nearly 100% of patients with AIDs die.

This video on HIV in Global Health introduces the student to the origin, and major milestones in the HIV pandemic. Students will learn about scientific breakthroughs in HIV research including important trials. The video also provides insight into public health initiatives to limit the pandemic such as ART programs and different testing strategies. Finally the video sums up future challenges for ending the HIV pandemic.