This is it! We're going out with a singing, dancing look at the Broadway Book Musical. Oklahoma! On the Town! Annie Get Your Gun! Also, just Annie! Today you'll learn about the development of the Broadway Book Musical in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and get a sense of how the form developed through the Golden Age of Broadway.

We're going to Broadway, everybody, and it's not going to be that fun. In fact, it's going to be a very serious experience with lots of powerful social commentary and indictments of life in America in the 1950s. So be prepared to look at the works of Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller, and Lorraine Hansberry, and to look into the face of chronic illness, racism, and the crushing malaise of American middle class life. Woof.

While Jupiter is nowhere near massive enough to initiate fusion in its core, there are even more massive objects out there that fall just short of that achievement called brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs have a mass between giant planets and small stars. They were only recently discovered in the 1990s, but thousands are now known. More massive ones can fuse deuterium, and even lithium, but not hydrogen, distinguishing them from “normal” stars. Sort of.

Correction: In the illustration at , the numbers listed after the star names are the year of discovery, not distance.

Chapters:
Introduction: Brown Dwarfs
L Stars & The Lithium Test
Discovering the First Brown Dwarfs
What Color Are Brown Dwarfs?
Physical Characteristics of Brown Dwarfs
Small Stars vs. Big Planets
Review

In which John relates a condensed history of India, post-Indus Valley Civilization. John explores Hinduism and the origins of Buddhism. He also gets into the reign of Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor who, in spite of Buddhism's structural disapproval of violence, managed to win a bunch of battles.

Chapters:
Introduction
The Vedas
The Caste System
Dharma
Samsara, Moksha, and Karma
Buddhism
Chutes and Ladders
Ashoka
Hinduism
Credits

In this episode, Hank talks about how nutty our world is via Buffers! He defines buffers and their compositions and talks about carbonate buffering systems in nature, acid rain, pH of buffers, and titration. Plus, a really cool experiment using indicators to showcase just how awesome buffers are.

Chapters:
Nature is Nutty
Carbonate Buffering and Acid Rain
Definition of Buffers
Composition of Buffers
pH of Buffers
Titration
Carbonate Buffering in Nature

An essential part of engineering is engineering design. Today we’ll see how design synthesis helps you put together the components of a process and decide what techniques are needed to solve your problem. We’ll explain the need test things on a smaller scale before ramping up to full production, and how to continually incorporate feedback from design flaws to improve your designs.

This week Craig Benzine discusses bureaucracies. Bureaucracies tend to be associated with unintelligible rules and time-wasting procedures, but they play an important, though controversial, role in governing. From the FDA to the EPA, these agencies were established to help the government manage and carry out laws much more efficiently - to bring rule-making and enforcement closer to the experts. But the federal bureaucracy (which is part of the executive branch) has a lot of power and sometimes acts like Congress in creating regulations and like the courts through administrative adjudications. It's all a bit problematic for that whole "separation of powers" thing. So we'll talk about that too, and the arguments for and against increased federal bureaucracy.

Chapters:
Introduction: Craig does paperwork
What is bureaucracy?
What do bureaucrats do?
Bureaucracy & division of powers
Bureaucracy & regulations
Bureaucracy & administrative adjudications
Why do we have bureaucracy?
Credits

Today's episode dives into the HOW of enthalpy. How we calculate it, and how we determine it experimentally...even if our determinations here at Crash Course Chemistry are somewhat shoddy.

Chapters:
Hess' Law
Calorimeter
Calorimetry
Specific Heat Capacity
Calorimetry Sources of Error

Whether in a desert, the savanna, or a tropical rainforest, plants have an important role in the ecological processes of Earth’s biomes. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore these different living locales, the effects of climate change on them, and how our photosynthetic friends make the world go ‘round.

Chapters:
Backpacking Across Earth
Types of Biomes
Plants' Role in Biomes
How Climate Change Affects Biomes
Is Planting Trees the Answer?
Protecting Earth's Biomes
Review & Credits
Credits

It’s one thing to say a business is carbon neutral. It’s another to be able to truly account for that carbon at all stages of the production process. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll take a look at efforts to count all those greenhouse gas emissions, reduce them, and capture the ones we can’t avoid.

Chapters:
Introduction: Carbon Neutrality
Defining Biofuels
Ethanol
Carbon Accounting & Greenwashing
Cellulosic Biofuels
Carbon Capture
Storing & Using Carbon
The Future of Carbon Emissions
Review & Credits
Credits

From the cars that take us downtown to the airplanes that fly us across the globe, transportation is one of the most visible and personal ways we are impacting the Earth’s climate. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll explore the benefits and challenges of electric vehicles, and look at some of the ways we’re trying to decarbonize much larger modes of transportation.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decarbonizing Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation
Electric Vehicles
Designing Pedestrian-Friendly Cities
Reducing Emissions From Trucks, Ships, & Planes
Review & Credits
Credits

Humans have come up with some clever ways of keeping cool when it's warm, and staying warm when it’s cool. But unfortunately, our heating and air conditioning systems are worsening the climate crisis. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’ll take a look at some of the ways we might be able to decarbonize those systems to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they produce.

Chapters:
Introduction: Heating Without Fossil Fuels
Fracking & Natural Gas
The Problem of Heating with Coal
Cooling Without Fossil Fuels
Heat Pumps for Heating & Cooling
Alternative Fuels for Low-Carbon Heating
Review & Credits
Credits

Nearly a third of all our greenhouse gas emissions come from generating electricity. Scientists agree that we have to find ways to make electricity without releasing so much carbon dioxide into the air. In this episode of Crash Course Climate and Energy, we’re going to tell you about some of the ways scientists and engineers are decarbonizing the electricity supply with energy sources such as solar, wind, nuclear, and hydroelectric and the benefits and drawbacks of each.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decarbonizing Electricity
Electricity From Solar & Wind Power
Challenges of Solar & Wind Power
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Power
Why Carbon-Free Electricity Matters
Review & Credits
Credits

When outbreaks happen, we need to be able to predict the course they’ll take in the future, but of course we can’t run experiments on real people to figure that out. Thankfully we can simulate outbreaks and use models to find out how different scenarios could play out! In this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, we’ll look at what models are, how they help predict the course of an outbreak, and how we can use them to manage real world outbreaks.

What does it mean for a river to be a person? An ancestor, even? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll learn how Indigenous religious traditions’ emphasis on place, kinship, and diverse spirits challenge the dominant assumptions of the Western worldview.
Chapters:
Introduction: The Whanganui River
Indigenous Religion?
Indigenous Beliefs
Kinship
The Importance of Place
Law & Resistance
Review & Credits
Credits

John Green teaches you about Voltaire's hugely important Enlightenment novel, Candide. Candide tells a pretty wild story, but for the most part, it's about the best of all possible worlds. Which, spoiler alert, doesn't seem to be the best of all possible worlds. Voltaire's novel is a pretty frank look at Enlightenment philosophy that finds a lot of the thinking of the time wanting. It's also got lots of sex, death, and travel!

By now you know your way around a basic DC circuit. You’ve learned how to simplify circuits with resistors connected in series and parallel with a single battery source. But a lot of the real-world circuits that you encounter — and will have to describe — are much more complicated. For example, what happens when there are MULTIPLE batteries, connected in ‘parallel’? And what happens when we add ‘capacitors’ into the mix, with resistors in our DC circuits? On this, our last go-round inside a DC circuit, we’ll encounter junctions, loops, and capacitors!
--

Just like many great duos throughout history, Bulgaria and Germany have a fascinating (though uneven) relationship. In today’s episode, we’re going to take a closer look at the impact of politics on economies as we trace this history of Bulgaria and Germany following World War II, and examine the ways capitalism, and communism, impacted their economic strength today.

In which John Green teaches you about capitalism and socialism in a way that is sure to please commenters from both sides of the debate. Learn how capitalism arose from the industrial revolution, and then gave rise to socialism. Learn about how we got from the British East India Company to iPhones and consumer culture in just a couple of hundred years. Stops along the way include the rise of industrial capitalism, mass production, disgruntled workers, Karl Marx, and the Socialist Beard. The socialist reactions to the ills of capitalism are covered as well, and John discusses some of the ideas of Karl Marx, and how they've been implemented or ignored in various socialist states. Plus, there are robots!

Chapters:
Introduction: Capitalism
What is Industrial Capitalism?
How did Industrial Capitalism begin?
Capitalism Increased Productivity
Capitalism as a Cultural System
Criticisms of Capitalism
Socialism
An Open Letter to Karl Marx's Beard
Karl Marx's Ideology
Socialism vs. Industrial Capitalism Today
Credits

In which John Green teaches you about the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, doing business as the VOC, also known as the Dutch East India Company. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch managed to dominate world trade, and they did all through the pioneering use of corporations and finance. Well, they did also use some traditional methods like violently enforced monopolies, unfair trade agreements, and plain old warfare. You'll learn how the Dutch invented stuff like joint stock corporations, maritime insurance, and futures trading. Basically, how the Dutch East India Company crashed the US economy in 2008. I'm kidding. Or am I?