In republican times, one of Rome's deadliest enemies was King Mithridates of Pontus. In 66 BCE, after decades of inconclusive struggle, the tribune Manilius proposed a bill that would give supreme command in the war against Mithridates to Pompey the Great, who had just swept the Mediterranean clean of another menace: the pirates. While powerful aristocrats objected to the proposal, which would endow Pompey with unprecedented powers, the bill proved hugely popular among the people, and one of the praetors, Marcus Tullius Cicero, also hastened to lend it his support. In his first ever political speech, variously entitled pro lege Manilia or de imperio Gnaei Pompei, Cicero argues that the war against Mithridates requires the appointment of a perfect general and that the only man to live up to such lofty standards is Pompey. In the section under consideration here, Cicero defines the most important hallmarks of the ideal military commander and tries to demonstrate that Pompey is his living embodiment.

This course book offers a portion of the original Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and a commentary. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, the incisive commentary will be of particular interest to students of Latin at both AS and undergraduate level. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis and historical background to encourage critical engagement with Cicero's prose and discussion of the most recent scholarly thought.

Short Description:
This introductory level textbook was developed with the student in mind. Florecer means to "bloom" or to "thrive" in Spanish. This textbook should give the student and their instructor the tools to learn at home and acquire the language both in class and through meaningful conversations in Spanish with both native and non-native speakers of Spanish. This is a communicatively based Spanish Language textbook focused on offering students the resources to become more aware of the diversity of the Spanish speaking world. Each chapter will include opportunities to read, write, react and converse with classmates, the instructor and to make connections with the Spanish speaking world through meaningful interactions.

Long Description:
This textbook was developed to give students and their instructors free and open access to a textbook aimed at the Introductory level of Spanish. The vocabulary, grammar and readings were developed with the final goal of guiding students towards meaningful communication through reading, writing, listening and speaking activities.

Each of the 12 chapters are dedicated to a different Spanish speaking country or region and focused on introducing students to the immense cultural and linguistic diversity of the Spanish speaking world. By the end of the last chapter, students should be able to bloom to the functional level in the Spanish language set up to thrive at the intermediate level.

Word Count: 75812

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

This is a Connections Standards lesson for Chinese high school students.
Learners will be able to:

• Identify a base of vocabulary on Chinese musical instruments and develop interpersonal
communication skills through discussions of the key elements of Chinese musical instruments.
• Develop interpretive skills through reading articles and watching video clips about Chinese
musical instruments.
• Write an essay about Chinese musical instruments.
• Gain knowledge of traditional Chinese musical instruments through Internet research on both
English and Chinese language websites.
• Gain knowledge of cultural products of Chinese music instruments and their relationship with
the Chinese cultural perspective of “harmony but not uniformity”.
• Make connections with other subjects, such as music, geography, history and religion.
• Compare the linguistic difference between the Chinese characters for pipa
琵琶 and guitar 吉他.
• Discuss the major characteristics of Chinese musical instruments and compare and contrast them
with those of musical instruments from other cultures in terms of structures, finger movements,
hand positions, cultural symbols, etc.
• Apply what students learn from this unit to their own musical learning and personal
entertainment in the future.
• Explain their understanding of the Chinese cultural concept of “harmony but not uniformity”.
• Create a presentation for the community to promote Chinese musical instruments.
• Connect with the sister school in Chongqing, China to learn more about Chinese musical instruments.

Essai d’épistémologie sur l’émergence d’un nouveau paradigme en sciences du langage

Short Description:
Le développement des sociétés africaines n’est-il qu’une question économique? La linguistique est-elle condamnée à n’être qu’une science positiviste qui observe sans s’impliquer? Ce livre offre de riches perspectives à ceux et celles qui répondent non à ces deux questions. Il montre qu’il est possible de faire place, dans les sciences du langage, à des préoccupations citoyennes orientées vers la correction d’une précarité communicationnelle nuisible à l’épanouissement des sociétés africaines. Ce que l’autrice propose de nommer « linguistique du développement » peut, par exemple, aider l’agronome intervenant dans le monde paysan à adopter la langue la plus appropriée. Des travaux linguistiques de codification ou de traduction peuvent contribuer à préserver et valoriser des savoirs locaux d’une pertinence sociale attestée. Les linguistes peuvent aussi mettre au jour les ressorts langagiers des pratiques corruptives. Il s’agit là de quelques-uns des chantiers de la linguistique du développement, nouveau paradigme des sciences du langage au service du bien commun, qui trouve dans ce livre ses fondements théoriques et éthiques.

Long Description:
Le développement des sociétés africaines n’est-il qu’une question économique? La linguistique est-elle condamnée à n’être qu’une science positiviste qui observe sans s’impliquer? Ce livre offre de riches perspectives à ceux et celles qui répondent non à ces deux questions. Il montre qu’il est possible de faire place, dans les sciences du langage, à des préoccupations citoyennes orientées vers la correction d’une précarité communicationnelle nuisible à l’épanouissement des sociétés africaines.

Ce que l’autrice propose de nommer « linguistique du développement » peut, par exemple, aider l’agronome intervenant dans le monde paysan à adopter la langue la plus appropriée. Des travaux linguistiques de codification ou de traduction peuvent contribuer à préserver et valoriser des savoirs locaux d’une pertinence sociale attestée. Les linguistes peuvent aussi mettre au jour les ressorts langagiers des pratiques corruptives. Il s’agit là de quelques-uns des chantiers de la linguistique du développement, nouveau paradigme des sciences du langage au service du bien commun, qui trouve dans ce livre ses fondements théoriques et éthiques.

Word Count: 65365

ISBN: 978-2-924661-86-4

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

This Open Educational Resource was designed to provide a four-field introduction to anthropology for undergraduate courses. This course was created through the cumulative efforts of the Department of Anthropology at IUP as a reflection of their teaching and experiences as a collective.

As instructors of both undergraduate and graduate students alike, the professors in the Anthropology Department hope that students use this book to further their knowledge and understanding of anthropology and apply it in their everyday lives and the world around them.

IUP's Introduction to Anthropology: A Holistic and Applied Approach to Being Human is a 4-field text designed to provide students and instructors with a quality, peer-reviewed free resource that depicts a diversity of perspectives, approaches, and topics related to sociocultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology.

Consisting of a robust series of 20 modules, the IUP OER covers topics from the history of North American anthropology, cultural and archaeological methods, the origins of humans and our earliest ancestors, the development of agriculture, race and ancestry, sex and gender, kinship, religion, climate change, and human rights and social issues—providing faculty flexibility with topics covered in a typical 15-week semester.

Designed to help students engage more meaningfully with each topic and develop as critical thinkers, the OER includes:

review and assessment questions
discussion prompts
class activities
relevant videos
glossaries
suggested readings
allowing students to dive further into topics no matter their preferred method of learning.

We are proud to host an interactive, digital version of the OER, created through the Articulate platform. We are also rolling out a physical version of the text, published through Amazon's KDP (stay tuned for the link).

Authored by the faculty in IUP's Department of Anthropology, this OER arose from a commitment to provide high-quality resources to all students. We combined the best aspects of our introductory course and teaching to create a robust resource that can be used in any introductory, 4-field anthropology course. Our own applied experiences are integrated into the course materials, as well as those from a range of professional anthropologists (isotopes and kinship studies, indigenous archaeology, forensic anthropology and the race problem, medical anthropology, and a linguistic anthropological analysis of food and power relationships in the prison system, among others!). The result is a resource that provides multiple lenses to tackle common introductory topics while showing students the myriad possibilities of what it looks like to be an anthropologist. Contact us for a LMS package to integrate the course into a Learning Management System.

Senior Authors:
Andrea Palmiotto
Lara Homsey-Messer
Benjamin Ford
Amanda Poole
Abigail Adams
Francis Allard
William Chadwick

Other Contributors
Allysha Winburn, University of West Florida
Alexander Martín, Center for Comparative Archaeology, University of Pittsburgh
Desireé Reneé Martinez, Cogstone Resource Management
Jelmer Davis, University of California, Davis
Anastasia Hudgins, Ethnologica
Sandhyak Narayanan, University of Nevada, Reno
Rachel Horowitz, Washington State University
Lori Labotka, Knoxville, TN
Bridget Roddy, IUP
Ashley Nagle, IUP
Sonja Rossi-Williams, IUP

This OER was made possible through grants from PA GOAL and the IUP Center for Teaching Excellence.

Lesson PlanDate: 1/16/18                                Grade Level: 8Concept: Color Wheel  Objectives:Students will demonstrate knowledge of color wheel in pairs by receiving 10/10 points on an assignment at the end of lesson.Introduction: Utilize prior knowledge of primary and secondary colors to incorporate new concepts of complementary colors. Motivational Device- Red dot on white board, introduction to complementary colorsVocabulary: Primary, secondary, complementary, cool and warm colors, and ROY G BIV.Body of Lesson: Ask student’s favorite color to transition into previous knowledge primary and secondary colors. Relate favorite colors or colors around the room to the color wheel and explain primary and secondary color relationships. Use red dot optical illusion to introduce complementary colors (motivational device).  Introduce color wheel assignment (worksheet). Accommodations/Modifications: ADHD- Allow student(s) to stand or sit on exercise ball while working.  Multiple Intelligence(s) Addressed: Linguistic- Provide alternate activity.Assessment: Color wheel assignment. Materials: Red paper, colored pencils, color wheel example, blank assessment Standards: HSE.MS.8.18- Understand Color Theory  

This volume is a result of our annual event, Every Teacher is a Language Teacher, held in 2021 and 2022 at the Faculty of Education of the University of Ottawa. Every year, we organize professional learning workshops for teacher candidates in our program. We invite seasoned teachers and young researchers (many of whom are also teachers!) doing their graduate work at the faculty to share methods, ideas, strategies and activities. Together, our community explores how to work with English and French language learners, as well as learners who come to the classroom with multiple languages in their repertoire. As research and experience have shown us, accessing students’ funds of linguistic and cultural knowledge is a powerful way to include students in the curriculum and center their contributions, identities, and experiences in the learning process. As a community of committed educators, we practice teacher learning with this same mindset – we draw from the personal and professional experiences of our guest presenters and teacher candidate attendees. Together, we speak to the social, cultural and political issues that matter in the classroom and share cutting-edge practices. The chapters in this book are intended for teachers who may or may not have a language teaching specialization. So as to promote equitable access to knowledge, we asked our presenters to write chapters based on their workshops and the experiences they had with our teacher candidates. They write in direct, accessible language and draw on the literature about language learning and teaching grounding their work in tried and tested initiatives. As such, for the reader, we hope the chapters will provide insight into what occurred during the workshops and how they can benefit from these professional learning sessions.

Genre-Based Writing for Intermediate Spanish Students

Short Description:
"Introducción a la escritura: Genre-Based Writing for Intermediate Spanish Students" is a course for intermediate low/intermediate mid L2 Spanish students grounded in the tenets of the multiliteracies framework Learning by Design and Genre-Based Instruction.

Long Description:
Introducción a la escritura: Genre-Based Writing for Intermediate Spanish Students is a course for intermediate low/intermediate mid L2 Spanish students. All the materials in this book were created by Dr. Gabriela C. Zapata. The contents of this volume were developed under a Presidential Transformational Teaching Grant from Texas A&M University.

The main objective of this book is to help students develop their writing skills in Spanish. Students will work with authentic, open-source multimodal materials in order to: Reflect on their knowledge of a particular topic and be exposed to new perspectives on it; Conceptualize essential aspects of the content and formulate connections to concepts and theory; Analyze and understand linguistic and discursive aspects from a functional (how meaning is expressed) perspective, and critically examine what perspectives, interests, and motives are presented; and Apply their new knowledge creatively in related, academic written (e.g., producing a similar text on a different topic) and/or multimodal tasks (e.g., developing an infographics).

The instructional approach is grounded in the multiliteracies framework Learning by Design and Genre-Based Instruction.

Word Count: 25423

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Korean Through Folktales consists of four chapters and each centers on a famous Korean folktale. The lessons and values that famous folktales teach are embedded and permeated in various aspects of the Koran culture. Using folktales in the curriculum will provide an engaging way to expose students to a slice of the target culture that native Koreans are naturally exposed to at an early age. Through the selected folktales and various activities offered in the book, students can gain cultural knowledge and insights into traditional and cultural values while they are given linguistic lessons to reinforce their acquired skills and to apply the learned materials in an integrated approach.
Korean Through Folktales is designed to accompany 1st-year, 2nd-year, and 3rd-year Korean courses offered at Portland State University. However, any Korean teacher can adopt this book to supplement his/her course materials at elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels.
There are four chapters in the book. Each chapter will note main themes of a widely known folktale introduced in the chapter, followed by the links to several videos to watch and get a gist or a background of the story. The ensuing section will introduce important elements and symbolism embedded in the story so as to provide insights and to enhance the depth of appreciation. After that, three versions of the folktale are presented for different levels, followed by grammar lessons, exercises, and tasks.
Traces of folktales and allusions to them are evident in cultural products that many students enjoy, such as dramas, movies, and music. Therefore, knowledge in folktales will help students make cultural connections as well as enrich their experience of learning the Korean language.

Trayectos is an open curriculum for beginning second language (L2) learners of Spanish. The textbook offers the following features to L2 Spanish students and instructors:

Learner-centered fresh, multimodal content, based on Learning by Design, a pedagogy inspired by the Multiliteracies movement (Kalantzis et al., 2005, 2016, 2019; Zapata, 2022). The four modules in Volume I connect the life worlds of learners with the life worlds of diverse Spanish speakers.
Instruction incorporating the following features:
Multimodal texts (e.g., readings, videos, posters) based on a variety of textual genres that contextualize topics about the lives of real university students;
Communicative activities that bind language form to cultural meaning within real-life contexts, and offer students opportunities to discover how to use new Spanish vocabulary and grammar in diverse sociocultural situations;
Critical thinking and language awareness tasks that showcase different varieties of Spanish, including those spoken in the United States, and help learners explore the Spanish-speaking world, including local Hispanic/Latinx communities; and
Culminating tasks that oblige learners to synthesize their new linguistic and cultural knowledge into a personal, multimodal text.
Supplementary digital resources that provide students with opportunities to practice the content learned through self-correcting activities (Práctica individual) and to use Spanish to broaden their knowledge of and critically analyze issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion in the Spanish-speaking world (Voces de nuestro mundo; available at http://bit.ly/VocesMundo).
An open copyright license (Creative Commons license) that gives all users the right to adapt the textbook and to share their new content with others, and digital how-to sections for instructors to answer their students’ unique needs.

Word Count: 17595

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

This textbook was developed to meet two distinct yet related needs. The more basic goal was to respond to the paucity of teaching materials suited to the needs of U.S. learners of Malayalam, particularly at the university level. Though some materials had previously been produced both in India and in the US, including three sets of materials co-written by the author, none were at all suited to the needs and purposes of American university students. Some of the author is earlier materials were ad hoc in nature, while the 510-page course written for Peace Corps volunteers concentrated on language for daily social interactions only. Both the Peace Corps materials and most of the materials written in India were written in Roman
transcription, thus making no serious attempt to teach the Malayalam script or the skills of reading or writing.

The Malayalam ·materials produced in India by various scholars or teach~rs were not readily available in the West, and were moreqver designed for Indian learners for whom formal explanations of the grammar and culture are largely unnecessary, since many of the grammar and discourse conventions are similar or identical to those found in their own mother tongues. Thus the texts available at that time lacked much of what was essential to the Western learner of the language. A couple more sets of teaching materials have come out in: the intervening 20 years, and some may now be ordered via the Internet. A partial list of these materials appears in the prologue following lesson Twenty-five in this text. These books are, in
general, designed to prepare the learner to handle everyday living situations in Malayalam, and as such can be useful adjuncts once the present volume has been thoroughly studied.

This text was conceived and designed to go beyond social conversation to prepare the Western learner to use the language as a research tool. To meet this goal the skills pf literacy in Malayalam are essential, but this is only a beginning. It is also necessary to have some familiarity with the formal style of the language, used in most types of written matter and in platform and other types of formal speaking. This is still a need uniquely met by this text. The irony is that our student audience has grown and diversified, so that the textbook for the Malayalam classes here at Texas must serve two rather different types of students. There are still a number of graduate students who seek out Malayalam as a research tool for their academic work. fu the past dozen years or so the Malayalam classes are being taken by increasing numbers of second generation Malayalis who have either been born in North America or spent most of their lives here. They are normally undergraduates whose goals do not include doing academic research in Kerala. They are mainly interested in being able to communicate better with relatives in Kerala and their interest in literacy extends mainly to being able to
write letters to grandparents or other non-English-speaking relatives. The majority of lessons containing conversations with friends and family members in the book can still serve their purposes well.

The second need to be met by this textbook was that of a reference grammar which could be used by linguists to glean accurate information about various aspects of the Malayalam language such as its phonology, syntax (grammar), 'semantics, and discourse. This type of reference grammar could serve both specialists in other Dravidian languages, as well as general linguists examining a specific feature in many unrelated languages.

This course is a continuation of 24.951. This semester the course topics of interest include movement, phrase structure, and the architecture of the grammar.

The emperor Nero is etched into the Western imagination as one of ancient Rome’s most infamous villains, and Tacitus’ Annals have played a central role in shaping the mainstream historiographical understanding of this flamboyant autocrat.
This section of the text plunges us straight into the moral cesspool that Rome had apparently become in the later years of Nero’s reign, chronicling the emperor’s fledgling stage career including his plans for a grand tour of Greece; his participation in a city-wide orgy climaxing in his publicly consummated ‘marriage’ to his toy boy Pythagoras; the great fire of AD 64, during which large parts of central Rome went up in flames; and the rising of Nero’s ‘grotesque’ new palace, the so-called ‘Golden House’, from the ashes of the city. This building project stoked the rumours that the emperor himself was behind the conflagration, and Tacitus goes on to present us with Nero’s gruesome efforts to quell these mutterings by scapegoating and executing members of an unpopular new cult then starting to spread through the Roman empire: Christianity.
All this contrasts starkly with four chapters focusing on one of Nero’s most principled opponents, the Stoic senator Thrasea Paetus, an audacious figure of moral fibre, who courageously refuses to bend to the forces of imperial corruption and hypocrisy.
This course book offers a portion of the original Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and a commentary. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, Owen’s and Gildenhard’s incisive commentary will be of particular interest to students of Latin at both A2 and undergraduate level. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis and historical background to encourage critical engagement with Tacitus’ prose and discussion of the most recent scholarly thought.

Many details of phonetic realization cannot be predicted from standard phonological representations on a language-independent basis, so phonetic realization must be specified in grammar. In this seminar we will investigate phonetic realization as a component of grammar.
The basic questions that we will address are:

What is the form of the phonetic realization component?
What is its relationship to phonology?

Trayectos is an open curriculum for beginning second language (L2) learners of Spanish. The textbook offers the following features to L2 Spanish students and instructors:

Learner-centered fresh, multimodal content, based on Learning by Design, a pedagogy inspired by the Multiliteracies movement (Kalantzis et al., 2005, 2016, 2019; Zapata, 2022). The four modules in Volume I connect the life worlds of learners with the life worlds of diverse Spanish speakers.
Instruction incorporating the following features:
Multimodal texts (e.g., readings, videos, posters) based on a variety of textual genres that contextualize topics about the lives of real university students;
Communicative activities that bind language form to cultural meaning within real-life contexts, and offer students opportunities to discover how to use new Spanish vocabulary and grammar in diverse sociocultural situations;
Critical thinking and language awareness tasks that showcase different varieties of Spanish, including those spoken in the United States, and help learners explore the Spanish-speaking world, including local Hispanic/Latinx communities; and
Culminating tasks that oblige learners to synthesize their new linguistic and cultural knowledge into a personal, multimodal text.
Supplementary digital resources that provide students with opportunities to practice the content learned through self-correcting activities (Práctica individual) and to use Spanish to broaden their knowledge of and critically analyze issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion in the Spanish-speaking world (Voces de nuestro mundo; available at http://bit.ly/VocesMundo).
An open copyright license (Creative Commons license) that gives all users the right to adapt the textbook and to share their new content with others, and digital how-to sections for instructors to answer their students’ unique needs.

Short Description:
Ce dictionnaire a été d’abord pensé pour répondre aux besoins de formation des équipes internationales du projet Yanayi[1], qui vise la co-création d’une base internationale de données ouvertes qualitatives sur les changements climatiques tels que vécus, observés, analysés et combattus par des aînés et des aînées d’Afrique francophone subsaharienne et d’Haïti et racontés à des étudiants et étudiantes affilié-e-s à 10 boutiques des sciences et des savoirs.Cet ambitieux et énorme projet ne pourra avancer que s’il repose sur la collaboration de nombreux participants et nombreuses participantes.Il est possible de : se proposer pour rédiger une entrée qui est encore disponible, c’est-à-dire qui apparaît dans la table des matières du Dictionnaire; proposer une entrée qui est absente du dictionnaire, avec ou sans texte; proposer ses services pour traduire des entrées dans des langues africaines; réviser et compléter une entrée; réviser les références bibliographiques et la qualité linguistique des entrées.L’adresse mail de contact est reseauliraj@gmail.com. Merci d’y envoyer toutes vos questions ou propositions.

Long Description:
Ce dictionnaire a été d’abord pensé pour répondre aux besoins de formation des équipes internationales du projet Yanayi[1], qui vise la co-création d’une base internationale de données ouvertes qualitatives sur les changements climatiques tels que vécus, observés, analysés et combattus par des aînés et des aînées d’Afrique francophone subsaharienne et d’Haïti et racontés à des étudiants et étudiantes affilié-e-s à 10 boutiques des sciences et des savoirs.

Cet ambitieux et énorme projet ne pourra avancer que s’il repose sur la collaboration de nombreux participants et nombreuses participantes.

Il est possible de : se proposer pour rédiger une entrée qui est encore disponible, c’est-à-dire qui apparaît dans la table des matières du Dictionnaire; proposer une entrée qui est absente du dictionnaire, avec ou sans texte; proposer ses services pour traduire des entrées dans des langues africaines; réviser et compléter une entrée; réviser les références bibliographiques et la qualité linguistique des entrées. L’adresse mail de contact est reseauliraj@gmail.com. Merci d’y envoyer toutes vos questions ou propositions.

Word Count: 2493

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically as part of a bulk import process by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided. As a result, there may be errors in formatting.)

Below I have included a link to a Problem Based Learning Lesson for learning and understanding the authenticity and importance of varying dialect in society. Both of the acitivities that are included in the lesson will challenge students to build on their prior understanding of other dialets but will also allow them to express creativity in the process. Language Dialect Lesson

This course presents a comparison of different proposed architectures for the syntax module of grammar. The subject traces several themes across a wide variety of approaches, with emphasis on testable differences among models. Models discussed include ancient and medieval proposals, structuralism, early generative grammar, generative semantics, government-binding theory/minimalism, LFG, HPSG, TAG, functionalist perspectives and others.

Short Description:
Order a print copy: https://www.lulu.com/en/us/shop/elisa-maroney-and-yaw-offei/signed-languages-interpreting-and-the-deaf-community-in-ghana-and-west-africa/paperback/product-egm2k8.html?page=1&pageSize=4

Word Count: 35006

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically as part of a bulk import process by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided. As a result, there may be errors in formatting.)