This patient education program reviews the anatomy of the gallbladder, symptoms of gallstones, treatment options, and the benefits and risks of cholecystectomy. This is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

Now that we have a better grasp on chosing majors, let's talk a little about specializations. There's a lot to talk about, from declaring a minor to just taking electives that help you get an edge in the job market. And how do you find out what classes may help in the job market? Erica walks us through ways to find this out and how to think about specialization in your college journey!

Chapters:
- Introduction
- Balancing your schedule
- Preparing for your meeting
- Your goals
- Supplementing your degree with more experience
- Conclusion

Review

In this video segment from Cyberchase, the CyberSquad must locate a crystal with the highest fraction of orange color.

Hank introduces us to ourselves by taking us on a journey through the fascinatingly diverse phyla known as chordata. And the next time someone asks you who you are, you can give them the facts: you're a mammalian amniotic tetrapodal sarcopterygian osteichthyen gnathostomal vertebrate cranial chordate.

Chapters:
1) Chordate Synapomorphies
2) Cephalachordata
3) Urochordata
4) Vertebrata
a) Myxini
b) Petromyzontida
c) Chondrichthyes
d) Osteichthyes
5) Biolography
6) Amphibia
7) Reptilia
8) Mammalia

In which John Green teaches you the history of Christianity, from the beginnings of Judaism and the development of monotheism, right up to Paul and how Christianity stormed the Roman Empire in just a few hundred years. Along the way, John will cover Abram/Abraham, the Covenant, the Roman Occupation of Judea, and the birth, life, death, and legacy of Jesus of Nazareth. No flame wars! Let's keep the commentary civil.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Son of God
Understanding the Jewish Tradition
Herod and Herod - Roman Rulers
Jesus of Nazareth
Why did people believe Jesus was the Messiah?
Why was Jesus so influential?
Saul / Paul of Tarsus
An Open Letter to The Fish (Ichthys)
How Christianity Survived
Credits

This art history video discussion looks at Petrus Christus' "Portrait of a Carthusian", 1446 (Metropolitan Museum of Art).

This art history video discussion examines Petrus Christus' "Portrait of a Young Woman," c. 1470, oil on oak, 29 x 22.50 cm (Gemaldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin).

Radio, Cinema, and Television have been staples in news coverage, entertainment, and education for almost 100 years. But... where did they all come from? Who started what and when and why? In this episode, Hank Green talks to us about their birth and a dead elephant.

Who takes the pictures in a movie? Who is responsible for making a movie look good, or creating meaning with light and shadow, or make an action scene clear and thrilling? A lot of the time, that's the job of the cinematographer. In this episode of Crash Course Film Production, Lily Gladstone talks to us about the role of the Cinematographer, their tools, and what they do on set.

How does Stranger Things fit in with physics and, more specifically, circuit analysis? I'm glad you asked! In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini walks us through the differences between series and parallel circuits and how that makes Christmas lights work the way they work.

Hank takes us on a trip around the body - we follow the circulatory and respiratory systems as they deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells, and help make it possible for our bodies to function.

Chapters:
1) Respiratory System
2) Simple Diffusion
3) Respiratory Anatomy
a) Trachea to Capillaries
4) Lung Function & Thoracic Diaphragm
5) Circulatory System
6) Circulatory Anatomy
a) Left Ventricle to Capillary Beds
b) Veins to Left Atrium
7) Endotherms & Ectotherms

This week on Crash Course Mythology, we're getting urban. Mike Rugnetta is the man with the orange umbrella who's about to give you a free tour of mythical cities. We'll talk about a few cities that didn't exist, but we're going to focus on real cities with mythical founding stories. We'll talk about Jericho, Jerusalem, and Rome, among others.

Is Citizen Kane the BEST MOVIE EVER MADE? Is that even an answerable question? Michael Aranda will try to help us through both of these questions as we take a look at our first film in Crash Course Film Criticism, Citizen Kane.

We’re beginning our engineering journey with a tour through the major branches. Today Shini explains the facets of civil engineering, including structural and construction engineering, city planning, transportation, and sanitation.

Today, Craig is going to give you an overview of civil rights and civil liberties. Often these terms are used interchangeably, but they are actually very different. Our civil liberties, contained in the Bill of Rights, once only protected us from the federal government, but slowly these liberties have been incorporated to protect us from the states. We’ll take a look at how this has happened and the supreme court cases that got us here.

In which John Green teaches you about the early days of the Civil Rights movement. By way of providing context for this, John also talks a bit about wider America in the 1950s. The 1950s are a deeply nostalgic period for many Americans, but there is more than a little idealizing going on here. The 1950s were a time of economic expansion, new technologies, and a growing middle class. America was becoming a suburban nation thanks to cookie-cutter housing developments like the Levittowns. While the white working-class saw their wages and status improve, the proverbial rising tide wasn't lifting all proverbial ships. A lot of people were excluded from the prosperity of the 1950s. Segregation in housing and education made for some serious inequality for African Americans. As a result, the Civil Rights movement was born. John will talk about the early careers of Martin Luther King, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and even Earl Warren. He'll teach you about Brown v Board of Education, the lesser-known Mendez vs Westminster, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and all kinds of other stuff.

Chapters:
Introduction: The 1950s
The American Suburbs
The "Era of Consensus"
Segregation
Desegregating Schools
Mystery Document
The Aftermath of Brown vs. Board of Education
Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycotts
Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Little Rock Nine
The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement
Credits

In which John Green teaches you how the Civil War played a large part in making the United States the country that it is today. He covers some of the key ways in which Abraham Lincoln influenced the outcome of the war, and how the lack of foreign intervention also helped the Union win the war. John also covers the technology that made the Civil War different than previous wars. New weapons helped to influence the outcomes of battles, but photography influenced how the public at large perceived the war. In addition, John gets into the long-term effects of the war, including the federalization and unification of the United States. All this plus homesteading, land grant universities, railroads, federal currency, and taxes.

Chapters:
Introduction
Did Lincoln Free the Slaves?
How Some Slaves Freed Themselves
Why Lincoln Signed the Emancipation Proclamation
The Gettysburg Address
The First Modern War
Mystery Document
Matthew Brady - Civil War Photographer
A New Nation
The Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, and Pacific Railway Act
Financing the Civil War
Post-War Industrialization
Credits

In which John Green ACTUALLY teaches about the Civil War. In part one of our two-part look at the US Civil War, John looks into the causes of the war, and the motivations of the individuals who went to war. The overarching causes and the individual motivations were not always the same, you see. John also looks into why the North won, and whether that outcome was inevitable. The North's industrial and population advantages are examined, as are the problems of the Confederacy, including its need to build a nation at the same time it was fighting a war. As usual, John doesn't get much into the actual battle-by-battle breakdown. He does talk a little about the overarching strategy that won the war, and Grant's plan to just overwhelm the South with numbers. Grant took a lot of losses in the latter days of the war, but in the end, it did lead to the surrender of the South.

Chapters:
Introduction
Basic Facts of the Civil War
Free and Slave States
Causes of the Civil War
Religion and the Civil War
Union Advantages in the Civil War
Confederate Advantages in the Civil War
Was the Union's Victory Inevitable?
Mystery Document
Ulysses S. Grant
Union Weaknesses in the Civil War
Turning Points in the Civil War
Lincoln's Reelection
Credits

This course explores the causes, course, and consequences of the American Civil War, from the 1840s to 1877. The primary goal of the course is to understand the multiple meanings of a transforming event in American history. Those meanings may be defined in many ways: national, sectional, racial, constitutional, individual, social, intellectual, or moral. Four broad themes are closely examined: the crisis of union and disunion in an expanding republic; slavery, race, and emancipation as national problem, personal experience, and social process; the experience of modern, total war for individuals and society; and the political and social challenges of Reconstruction.

In Clan Mother, Molly Miller shares her experience as a healer and explores the role of elders in her community. One of these roles is to bring back Native language and cultural healing practices. This can be a way to heal the historical trauma that resulted when children were taken from their families during the boarding school era. As a Clan Mother, Molly is a leader in the current grassroots efforts to help young people and bring the community together by restoring traditional culture.